{"id":4596,"date":"2020-03-31T15:11:18","date_gmt":"2020-03-31T15:11:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.flywheelsites.com\/?page_id=4596"},"modified":"2021-11-26T15:55:23","modified_gmt":"2021-11-26T19:55:23","slug":"actualite-du-travail","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/fr\/projets\/actualite-du-travail\/","title":{"rendered":"Actualit\u00e9 du travail"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1>\n\t\tActualit\u00e9 du travail \n\t<\/h1>\n\t<p><strong>La Bibliographie annot\u00e9e sur l&#8217;actualit\u00e9 du travail <\/strong><strong>du CIMT synth\u00e9tise les derniers r\u00e9sultats de recherche en lien avec la COVID-19.<\/strong><\/p>\n\t<span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/fr\/\">Accueil<\/a><\/span><\/span>\n<h2>\n\t\tLes raisons qui motivent le projet\n\t<\/h2>\n\t<p>Ce projet a pour objectif de faire en sorte que les d\u00e9cideurs politiques et les intervenants disposent d&#8217;informations et de r\u00e9flexions \u00e0 jour sur les \u00e9volutions r\u00e9centes du march\u00e9 du travail et de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2>\n\t\t En quoi consiste le projet\n\t<\/h2>\n\t<p>La Bibliographie annot\u00e9e sur l&#8217;actualit\u00e9 du travail pr\u00e9sente les r\u00e9sum\u00e9s de rapports r\u00e9cents examinant les implications de la COVID-19. Elle sera r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement mise \u00e0 jour au fur et \u00e0 mesure que de nouveaux rapports para\u00eetront.<\/p>\n<p>Les nouvelles entr\u00e9es ajout\u00e9es le 2021-11-26 sont signal\u00e9es par le symbole \ud83d\udea9.<\/p>\n\t<style>\n\t.fl-module-content .fl-rich-text .term-filters {\n\t\tbackground: #2e2a24;\n\t\tcolor: #fff;\n\t}\n\n\t.fl-module-content .fl-rich-text .term-filters a {\n\t\tcolor: #fff;\n\t}\n\n\t.category-nav-checkboxes {\n\t\tbackground: #2e2a24;\n\t\tcolor: #fff;\n\t\tposition: absolute;\n\t\tmin-width: 280px;\n\t}\n\t.category-nav-checkboxes .category-nav-item {\n\t\tpadding: 10px 5px;\n\t\tfont-size: 14px;\n\t}\n\t.category-nav-checkboxes .category-nav-item label {\n\t\tfont-size: 14px;\n\t}\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t.custom-checkbox .custom-control-label:before {\n\t\tborder-radius: .25rem\n\t}\n\t\n\t.custom-checkbox .custom-control-input:checked~.custom-control-label:after {\n\t\tbackground-image: url(\"data:image\/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg 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{\n\t\tfont-size: 18px;\n\t\tfont-family: \"Gotham-Book\",Verdana,Arial,sans-serif;\n\t\tfont-weight: bold;\n\t}\n\t\n\t.term-filter-results {\n\t\tmin-height: 200px;\n\t}\n\t\n\t#category-nav-item-438, category-nav-item-406, category-nav-item-437 {\n\t\tdisplay: none;\n\t}\n\t\n\t.loading {\n\t\tbackground: url('https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/wp-content\/themes\/lmic-cimt\/.\/img\/loading.gif') no-repeat;\n\t\tbackground-size: 50px;\n\t\theight: 50px;\n\t\tmargin: 40px auto;\n\t\twidth: 50px;\n\t}\n\t\n<\/style>\n\n<form class=\"term-filters clearfix\" method=\"get\" id=\"filter-form\">\n\t<nav class=\"category-nav\">\n\t\t<a href=\"#category-nav-themes\" class=\"category-nav-toggle\">Th\u00e8me<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"category-nav-themes\" class=\"category-nav-checkboxes\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-512\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-512\" value=\"512\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-512\">Changement climatique<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-645\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-645\" value=\"645\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-645\">COVID 19<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-509\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-509\" value=\"509\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-509\">D\u00e9mographie<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-707\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-707\" value=\"707\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-707\">Revenus<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-713\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-713\" value=\"713\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-713\">Groupes en qu\u00eate d'\u00e9quit\u00e9<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-708\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-708\" value=\"708\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-708\">Gains<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-511\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-511\" value=\"511\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-511\">G\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-680\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-680\" value=\"680\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-680\">Immigration<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-417\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-417\" value=\"417\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-417\">Impact sur le march\u00e9 du travail<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-706\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-706\" value=\"706\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-706\">P\u00e9nurie de main d'oeuvre<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-418\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-418\" value=\"418\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-418\">Impact macro\u00e9conomique<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-567\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-567\" value=\"567\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-567\">Migration<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-757\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-757\" value=\"757\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-757\">Policy Reform<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-568\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-568\" value=\"568\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-568\">Comp\u00e9tences<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-510\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-510\" value=\"510\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-510\">Changement technologique<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\" id=\"category-nav-item-569\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"theme[]\" id=\"theme-569\" value=\"569\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"theme-569\">Environnement de travail<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/nav>\n\n\t<nav class=\"category-nav\">\n\t\t<a href=\"#category-nav-geographies\" class=\"category-nav-toggle\">G\u00e9ographie<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"category-nav-geographies\" class=\"category-nav-checkboxes\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"geography[]\" id=\"geography-419\" value=\"419\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"geography-419\">\u00c9tude canadienne<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"category-nav-item custom-checkbox\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"geography[]\" id=\"geography-416\" value=\"416\"><label class=\"custom-control-label\" for=\"geography-416\">\u00c9tude internationale<\/label>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/nav>\n\n\t<input type=\"search\" placeholder=\"search\" name=\"search_keyword\" style=\"float: right; margin: 10px; max-width: 50%;\">\n\n<input type=\"submit\" class=\"visuallyhidden\">\n<\/form>\n\n<!--array(3) {\n  [\"post_type\"]=>\n  string(11) \"now-of-work\"\n  [\"orderby\"]=>\n  array(2) {\n    [\"date\"]=>\n    string(4) \"DESC\"\n    [\"title\"]=>\n    string(3) \"ASC\"\n  }\n  [\"posts_per_page\"]=>\n  int(-1)\n}\n--><div id=\"term-filter-results\">\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2><span class=\"lmic-flag\"><\/span>Jin, H., & Su, S. (2021, November 8). Labour market outcomes of journeypersons designated as visible minorities. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/81-595-m\/81-595-m2021005-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/81-595-m\/81-595-m2021005-eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Takeaway<\/strong>: <em>Journeypersons designated as visible minorities generally have lower labour market outcomes than others.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This report compares the labour market outcomes of visible minority journeypersons who received skilled trades certificates between 2008 and 2017 to the outcomes of those who were not a visible minority.<\/p>\n<p>Overall, the authors find that all visible minority groups were under-represented in the journeyperson population compared to the Canadian population. One year after certification, they also had lower median employment incomes than those who were not visible minorities.<\/p>\n<p>Differences in the type of skilled trades in which visible minorities are certified were also found. Most visible minority journeypersons received their certifications in Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia compared to non\u2013visible-minority journeypersons, who were largely certified in Ontario.<\/p>\n<p>Understanding these trends is important since it highlights that the choice of trade and certain other characteristics contribute to the income gap between visible minority and non\u2013visible-minority journeypersons. However, the report does not discuss the reasons behind the differences in choices between the two groups.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2><span class=\"lmic-flag\"><\/span>Jin, H., et Su, S. (2021, 8 novembre). R\u00e9sultats sur le march\u00e9 du travail des compagnons d\u00e9sign\u00e9s comme minorit\u00e9s visibles. Ottawa : Statistique Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/81-595-m\/81-595-m2021005-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/81-595-m\/81-595-m2021005-fra.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusions\u202f principales : <\/strong><em>En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, <\/em>l<em>es compagnons d\u00e9sign\u00e9s comme minorit\u00e9s visibles ont de moins bons r\u00e9sultats sur le march\u00e9 du travail que les autres.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce rapport compare les r\u00e9sultats sur le march\u00e9 du travail des compagnons des minorit\u00e9s visibles qui ont re\u00e7u un certificat de m\u00e9tiers sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s entre 2008 et 2017 aux r\u00e9sultats de ceux qui ne faisaient pas partie d&#8217;une minorit\u00e9 visible.<\/p>\n<p>Dans l&#8217;ensemble, les auteurs constatent que tous les groupes de minorit\u00e9s visibles \u00e9taient sous-repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s parmi les compagnons par rapport \u00e0 la population canadienne. Un an apr\u00e8s la certification, ils avaient \u00e9galement des revenus d&#8217;emploi m\u00e9dians inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 ceux des personnes qui ne faisaient pas partie des minorit\u00e9s visibles.<\/p>\n<p>On a \u00e9galement constat\u00e9 des diff\u00e9rences dans le type de m\u00e9tiers sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s dans lesquels les minorit\u00e9s visibles sont certifi\u00e9es. La plupart des compagnons des minorit\u00e9s visibles ont obtenu leur certification en Ontario, en Alberta et en Colombie-Britannique, comparativement aux compagnons n&#8217;appartenant pas \u00e0 une minorit\u00e9 visible, qui ont surtout obtenu leur certification en Ontario.<\/p>\n<p>Il est important de comprendre ces tendances, car elles mettent en \u00e9vidence le fait que le choix du m\u00e9tier et certaines autres caract\u00e9ristiques contribuent \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9cart de revenu entre les compagnons des minorit\u00e9s visibles et ceux qui ne font pas partie des minorit\u00e9s visibles.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2><span class=\"lmic-flag\"><\/span>Mahboubi, P., & Mokaya, M. (2021, October 26). The skills imperative: Workforce development strategies post-COVID. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/public-policy-research\/skills-imperative-workforce-development-strategies-post-covid\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-10\/Commentary_609_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Takeaway<\/strong>:<span><em>\u00a0With<\/em> <\/span><em>no comprehensive approach toward lifelong learning, Canada still stands below the top-performing countries in skills development.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This report highlights how Canada has no comprehensive approach towards lifelong learning. Thus it still stands below the top-performing countries in skills development. Of particular focus, are adult education and essential skills training. Additionally, the report highlights the large participation gap in training between high- and low-skilled and educated people.<\/p>\n<p>The benefits and barriers to training, and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on skills, are also discussed. Skills development and lifelong learning strategies in Canada are compared to international counterparts such as Germany, Singapore, and others.<\/p>\n<p>Reviewing skills development efforts by federal and provincial governments, the report provides recommendations on improving existing programs to tackle short-term skills issues related to the pandemic, and to develop a system of lifelong learning.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2><span class=\"lmic-flag\"><\/span>Mahboubi, P., et Mokaya, M. (2021, 26 octobre). The skills imperative: Workforce development strategies post-COVID. Toronto : C.D. Howe Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/public-policy-research\/skills-imperative-workforce-development-strategies-post-covid\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-10\/Commentary_609_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusions principales : <\/strong><span><em>En l&#8217;absence d&#8217;une approche globale \u00e0 l&#8217;apprentissage continu, le Canada se situe toujours en dessous des pays les plus performants en mati\u00e8re de d\u00e9veloppement des comp\u00e9tences.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Ce rapport souligne que le Canada n&#8217;a pas d&#8217;approche globale \u00e0 l&#8217;apprentissage continu. Il se situe donc toujours en dessous des pays les plus performants en mati\u00e8re de d\u00e9veloppement des comp\u00e9tences. L&#8217;\u00e9ducation des adultes et la formation aux comp\u00e9tences essentielles font l&#8217;objet d&#8217;une attention particuli\u00e8re. De plus, le rapport souligne l&#8217;important \u00e9cart de participation \u00e0 la formation entre les personnes hautement et faiblement qualifi\u00e9es et instruites.<\/p>\n<p>Les avantages et les obstacles en mati\u00e8re de formation, ainsi que les cons\u00e9quences de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 sur les comp\u00e9tences, sont \u00e9galement abord\u00e9s. Les strat\u00e9gies de d\u00e9veloppement des comp\u00e9tences et d&#8217;apprentissage continu au Canada sont compar\u00e9es \u00e0 celles d&#8217;autres pays comme l&#8217;Allemagne, Singapour et d&#8217;autres.<\/p>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s avoir pass\u00e9 en revue les mesures de d\u00e9veloppement des comp\u00e9tences prises par le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral et les provinces, le rapport fournit des recommandations sur l&#8217;am\u00e9lioration des programmes existants afin de s&#8217;attaquer aux probl\u00e8mes de comp\u00e9tences \u00e0 court terme li\u00e9s \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie, et d\u2019\u00e9tablir un syst\u00e8me d&#8217;apprentissage continu.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2><span class=\"lmic-flag\"><\/span>Organisation de coop\u00e9ration et de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomiques. (2021, 25 octobre). Building inclusive labour markets: Active labour market policies for the most vulnerable groups. Paris : OCDE.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/building-inclusive-labour-markets-active-labour-market-policies-for-the-most-vulnerable-groups-607662d9\/#contactinfo-d7e2308\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/read.oecd-ilibrary.org\/view\/?ref=1112_1112680-u38fb4etmq&title=Building-inclusive-labour-markets-active-labour-market-policies-for-the-most-vulnerable-groups&_ga=2.169895712.1229006128.1637011247-123894361.1633737883\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/strong>\u00a0<em>Fournir un soutien complet et individualis\u00e9 aux groupes les plus vuln\u00e9rables est crucial pour leur r\u00e9ussite et pour la cr\u00e9ation de march\u00e9s du travail inclusifs.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Les cons\u00e9quences du COVID-19 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 pires pour les groupes dont les r\u00e9sultats sur le march\u00e9 du travail \u00e9taient moins bons avant le d\u00e9but de la pand\u00e9mie en raison d&#8217;obligations de soins, de limitations de sant\u00e9, de faibles comp\u00e9tences ou d&#8217;une exp\u00e9rience professionnelle limit\u00e9e. Am\u00e9liorer l&#8217;employabilit\u00e9 de ces groupes vuln\u00e9rables maintenant augmenterait leurs chances d&#8217;int\u00e9gration sur le march\u00e9 du travail lors de la reprise \u00e9conomique.<\/p>\n<p>Ces groupes sont confront\u00e9s \u00e0 des obstacles multiples et particuliers, il est donc important de leur apporter un soutien individualis\u00e9. C\u2019est aussi important d&#8217;identifier ces groupes et de communiquer avec eux. Les donn\u00e9es administratives compl\u00e9t\u00e9es par des donn\u00e9es d&#8217;enqu\u00eate peuvent aider, mais les conseillers sont les mieux plac\u00e9s pour servir ces populations. Pour obtenir des r\u00e9sultats durables, les services publics de l&#8217;emploi (SPE) doivent aller au-devant des groupes les plus vuln\u00e9rables de mani\u00e8re proactive et continuer de les soutenir apr\u00e8s qu&#8217;ils ont trouv\u00e9 un emploi.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2><span class=\"lmic-flag\"><\/span>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2021, October 25). Building inclusive labour markets: Active labour market policies for the most vulnerable groups. Paris: OECD.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/building-inclusive-labour-markets-active-labour-market-policies-for-the-most-vulnerable-groups-607662d9\/#contactinfo-d7e2308\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/read.oecd-ilibrary.org\/view\/?ref=1112_1112680-u38fb4etmq&title=Building-inclusive-labour-markets-active-labour-market-policies-for-the-most-vulnerable-groups&_ga=2.169895712.1229006128.1637011247-123894361.1633737883\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Takeaway<\/strong>: <em>Providing comprehensive, individualized support to the most vulnerable groups is crucial for their success and for the creation of inclusive labour markets. <\/em><\/p>\n<p>The consequences of COVID-19 have been worse for groups with poorer labour market outcomes before the onset of the pandemic due to care obligations, health limitations, low skills or scarce work experience. Improving the employability of these vulnerable groups now would increase their chances of integration into the labour market as economies recover.<\/p>\n<p>These groups face multiple, specific obstacles, so it is important to provide individualized support. Identifying and reaching out to these groups is therefore important. Administrative data supplemented by survey data can help, but counsellors are best positioned to serve these populations. To maintain lasting results, public employment services (PES) must proactively reach out to the most vulnerable groups and continue supporting them after they find a job.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2><span class=\"lmic-flag\"><\/span>Barford, A., Coutts, A., & Sahai, G. (2021, October 21). Youth employment in times of COVID. Geneva: International Labour Organization.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/skills\/pubs\/WCMS_823751\/lang--en\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---ed_emp\/documents\/publication\/wcms_823751.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Takeaway<\/strong>: <em>Pandemic response policies need to be adapted for more gender- and age-sensitive gaps in the labour market.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>This research identifies policy measures to address the gaps in youth employment around the world. During 2020, global youth employment fell by 8.7%, while adults experienced a 3.7% drop. Many policy responses are not yet fully embedded or reviewed to assess their impacts on youth. Most youth-specific policy responses have been extensions of or repackaged policies that existed pre-pandemic.<\/p>\n<p>Young women have been particularly affected by pandemic policy responses. Their employment had been heavily concentrated in the accommodation, retail and food service sectors. Similarly, young women have seen an increase in domestic and caring responsibilities with little support.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cBroad brush\u201d policies have not adequately addressed the severity of impacts on young people. Moreover, major gaps exist in policy responses in some countries. Countries and regions with large youth populations must be far more age and gender sensitive in developing and implementing post-pandemic recovery plans.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2><span class=\"lmic-flag\"><\/span>Barford, A., Coutts, A., et Sahai, G. (2021, 21 octobre). Youth employment in times of COVID. Gen\u00e8ve : Organisation internationale du travail.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/skills\/pubs\/WCMS_823751\/lang--en\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---ed_emp\/documents\/publication\/wcms_823751.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/strong> <em><span>Les politiques de r\u00e9ponse aux pand\u00e9mies doivent \u00eatre adapt\u00e9es pour tenir compte des lacunes du march\u00e9 du travail en fonction du sexe et de l&#8217;\u00e2ge.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cette recherche recense les mesures strat\u00e9giques permettant de combler les \u00e9carts en mati\u00e8re d&#8217;emploi des jeunes dans le monde. En 2020, l&#8217;emploi a chut\u00e9 de 8,7\u00a0% chez les jeunes et de 3,7\u00a0% chez les adultes, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale. De nombreuses r\u00e9ponses strat\u00e9giques ne sont pas encore totalement int\u00e9gr\u00e9es ou examin\u00e9es pour \u00e9valuer leurs incidences sur les jeunes. La plupart des r\u00e9ponses strat\u00e9giques ax\u00e9es sur les jeunes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 des \u00e9largissements ou des reconditionnements de politiques qui existaient avant la pand\u00e9mie.<\/p>\n<p>Les jeunes femmes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 particuli\u00e8rement touch\u00e9es par les r\u00e9ponses strat\u00e9giques \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie. Leur emploi \u00e9tait fortement concentr\u00e9 dans les secteurs de l&#8217;h\u00e9bergement, du commerce de d\u00e9tail et de la restauration. De m\u00eame, les jeunes femmes ont vu leurs responsabilit\u00e9s familiales et de soins augmenter, avec peu de soutien.<\/p>\n<p>Les politiques \u00ab\u00a0g\u00e9n\u00e9rales\u00a0\u00bb n&#8217;ont pas permis de prendre en compte de mani\u00e8re ad\u00e9quate la gravit\u00e9 des incidences sur les jeunes. De plus, il existe des lacunes importantes dans les r\u00e9ponses strat\u00e9giques de certains pays. Les pays et les r\u00e9gions qui comptent une importante population de jeunes doivent \u00eatre beaucoup plus sensibles \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e2ge et au sexe dans l&#8217;\u00e9laboration et la mise en \u0153uvre des plans de reprise post-pand\u00e9mie.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Donaldson, K., Fonberg, J., Heisz, A., Kaddatz, J., Kaplan, J., Olson, E., Walker, I., Duncan, E. et Koci, K. (2021, 9\u202fseptembre). La r\u00e9silience financi\u00e8re et le bien-\u00eatre financier des Canadiens au cours de la pand\u00e9mie de la COVID-19. Ottawa (Ontario)\u202f: Statistique Canada et Seymour Management Consulting Inc.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/75f0002m\/75f0002m2021008-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/fr\/pub\/75f0002m\/75f0002m2021008-fra.pdf?st=aIdZCGnz\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Conclusions\u202f principales : <\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">La r\u00e9silience financi\u00e8re des m\u00e9nages canadiens a augment\u00e9 au cours de la premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9e de la pand\u00e9mie.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Ce rapport donne un aper\u00e7u du bien-\u00eatre financier et de la r\u00e9silience des Canadiens au cours de la premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9e de la pand\u00e9mie de\u00a0la\u00a0COVID-19. Le rapport vise \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer l\u2019\u00e9volution du niveau de r\u00e9silience financi\u00e8re des m\u00e9nages canadiens, en particulier\u202f:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Le nombre de Canadiens vivant dans des m\u00e9nages qui ont de la difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 faire face \u00e0\u00a0leurs principales d\u00e9penses.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Quels\u00a0sont les\u00a0Canadiens\u00a0qui\u00a0\u00e9prouvent ces difficult\u00e9s?<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol><\/ol>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Parmi les groupes qui ont signal\u00e9 des niveaux de difficult\u00e9\u00a0accrus, mentionnons les personnes vivant dans des m\u00e9nages monoparentaux, les\u00a0personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, les immigrants au Canada, les personnes\u00a0appartenant \u00e0\u00a0des\u00a0minorit\u00e9s visibles et les Autochtones.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">L\u2019indice pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 dans\u00a0ce\u00a0rapport a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9labor\u00e9 apr\u00e8s que les r\u00e9sultats ont confirm\u00e9 que le stress financier et la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 \u00e9taient des\u00a0probl\u00e8mes\u00a0cl\u00e9s bien avant la pand\u00e9mie. De plus, le lien entre le bien-\u00eatre financier des m\u00e9nages et le bien-\u00eatre\u00a0g\u00e9n\u00e9ral\u00a0a \u00e9galement contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9laboration de l\u2019indice.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">L\u2019indice de r\u00e9silience financi\u00e8re de Seymour souligne qu\u2019au niveau national, la r\u00e9silience financi\u00e8re des m\u00e9nages au cours de la premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9e de la pand\u00e9mie a augment\u00e9, passant de 49,58 en f\u00e9vrier\u202f2020 \u00e0 54,53 en f\u00e9vrier\u202f2021.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Donaldson, K., Fonberg, J., Heisz, A., Kaddatz, J., Kaplan, J., Olson, E., Walker, I., Duncan, E., & Koci, K. (2021, September 9). The financial resilience and financial well-being of Canadians during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada and Seymour Management Consulting Inc.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/75f0002m\/75f0002m2021008-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/75f0002m\/75f0002m2021008-eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Key Takeaway:<\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The financial resilience of Canadian\u00a0households has increased\u00a0over the first year of the\u00a0pandemic.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This\u00a0report\u00a0provides\u00a0insights on the financial well-being and resilience of Canadians during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The\u00a0report\u00a0seeks to\u00a0determine\u00a0the evolving level of financial resiliency of Canadian households, specifically,<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The\u00a0number of Canadians living in households\u00a0facing difficulties meeting key expenses\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"%1.\" data-font=\"Calibri, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif\" data-listid=\"2\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Which\u00a0Canadians are experiencing those\u00a0hardships<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233279&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol><\/ol>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Among\u00a0the groups\u00a0that\u00a0reported heightened levels of difficulty\u00a0were\u00a0those\u00a0living in\u00a0single-parent households, seniors, immigrants to Canada, persons identified as visible minorities, and\u00a0Indigenous peoples.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The Index presented\u00a0in this report\u00a0was developed after results\u00a0confirmed that\u00a0financial stress and vulnerability\u00a0were\u00a0key issues\u00a0well before the pandemic. In\u00a0addition,\u00a0the\u00a0linkage between households\u2019 financial well-being and overall well-being\u00a0also contributed to the development of the Index.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The Seymour Financial Resilience Index highlights that, at the national level, households\u2019 financial resilience the first year of the pandemic has increased,\u00a0with the Index rising from 49.58 in February 2020 to 54.53 in February 2021.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Tam, S., Sood, S. et Johnston, C. (2021, 9 septembre). R\u00e9percussions de la COVID-19 sur les entreprises du commerce de d\u00e9tail, troisi\u00e8me trimestre de 2021. StatCan et la COVID-19\u202f: Des donn\u00e9es aux connaissances pour b\u00e2tir un Canada meilleur. Ottawa (Ontario)\u202f: Statistique Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00035-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00035-fra.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Conclusions\u202f principales : <\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les entreprises du commerce de d\u00e9tail s\u2019attendent \u00e0 une augmentation des prix et de la rentabilit\u00e9 \u00e0 court terme et \u00e0 des perspectives positives \u00e0 long terme.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Ce document explore les attentes des entreprises du secteur du commerce de d\u00e9tail apr\u00e8s une ann\u00e9e de mesures et de restrictions de sant\u00e9 publique dans le contexte de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19\u00a0en cours\u00a0au Canada.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">En mars 2020, de nombreux d\u00e9taillants canadiens ont mis fin \u00e0 leurs activit\u00e9s, r\u00e9duit les heures d\u2019ouverture et le\u00a0flux de clients\u00a0en r\u00e9ponse aux mesures impos\u00e9es par le gouvernement visant \u00e0 ralentir la propagation de la COVID-19. Cela a contribu\u00e9 aux changements dans les habitudes d\u2019achat des consommateurs<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">En raison de la pand\u00e9mie\u00a0en cours, les gouvernements provinciaux ont impos\u00e9 et assoupli \u00e0 maintes reprises des mesures de sant\u00e9 publique dans plusieurs r\u00e9gions du pays, ce qui a eu des r\u00e9percussions importantes sur le secteur du commerce de\u00a0d\u00e9tail.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">En observant les attentes concernant les obstacles, la rentabilit\u00e9 et la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0\u00a0s\u2019endetter davantage, les r\u00e9sultats de l\u2019enqu\u00eate montrent des perspectives positives, les entreprises du commerce de d\u00e9tail s\u2019attendent \u00e0 ce que les prix de vente et la rentabilit\u00e9 augmentent \u00e0 court terme tout en affichant des perspectives g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement\u00a0positives \u00e0 long terme<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Tam, S., Sood, S., & Johnston, C. (2021, September 9). Impact of COVID-19 on businesses in retail trade, third quarter of 2021. StatCan COVID-19: Data to Insights for a Better Canada. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00035-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00035-eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Key Takeaway<\/b>:<i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0Retail businesses\u00a0expect\u00a0an increase in\u00a0prices and profitability in the short\u00a0term and\u00a0a positive outlook in the long term.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">paper explores expectations of businesses in the retail trade\u00a0sector\u00a0after a year of public health measures and restrictions amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Canada.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Many Canadian retailers shut down operations,\u00a0curtailing<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hours and customer flow<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0in March 2020 as a response to government-imposed measures aimed at slowing the spread of COVID-19. This\u00a0contributed to changes in\u00a0consumer<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">shopping habits.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The ongoing pandemic has meant\u00a0that\u00a0public health measures have been repeatedly imposed and eased by provincial governments<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in several regions across the country, which have significantly impacted the retail sector.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Through\u00a0observing\u00a0expectations\u00a0regarding obstacles,\u00a0profitability\u00a0and the ability to take on more debt, the survey results\u00a0show\u00a0a positive outlook, with businesses in retail trade expecting selling prices and profitability to increase in the short term\u00a0while\u00a0displaying\u00a0an overall\u00a0positive outlook in the long term.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Ivanova,\u202fI. (2021, 16\u202f juillet\u202f). Inequality, employment and COVID-19, Priorities for fostering an inclusive recovery in BC. Centre canadien de politiques alternatives.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/publications\/reports\/inequality-employment-and-covid-19\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/BC%20Office\/2021\/07\/ccpa-bc_Inequality-Employment-COVID_full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">(en\u00a0anglais seulement)<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div data-tid=\"messageBodyContainer\">\n<div data-tid=\"messageBodyContent\">\n<div>\n<p><strong>Conclusions principales : <\/strong><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">La pand\u00e9mie a\u00a0mis en relief\u00a0et a accentu\u00e9\u00a0les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s\u00a0raciales, \u00e9conomiques et entre les sexes\u00a0de longue date\u00a0auxquelles il faut rem\u00e9dier\u00a0pour\u00a0assurer une reprise \u00e9quitable.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les travailleurs faiblement r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9s occupant des emplois \u00e0 temps partiel, temporaires et pr\u00e9caires \u00e9taient plus susceptibles de perdre leurs emplois durant la pand\u00e9mie\u00a0et de conna\u00eetre une reprise plus lente. Les femmes, les Autochtones et les\u00a0personnes racis\u00e9es sont plus susceptibles de faire partie de cette cat\u00e9gorie de travailleurs.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">D\u2019autres facteurs, comme le fait d\u2019\u00eatre parent, immigrant ou travailleur essentiel\u00a0ont\u00a0intensifi\u00e9 les r\u00e9percussions de la pand\u00e9mie sur les travailleurs, les emp\u00eachant de participer pleinement au march\u00e9 du travail et les exposant \u00e0 un risque plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u2019exposition au virus.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les\u00a0orientations recommand\u00e9es comprennent l\u2019investissement dans des\u00a0infrastructures physiques et sociales centr\u00e9es sur les personnes, le renforcement des droits\u00a0en milieu de travail et\u00a0la garantie de\u00a0l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 et de l\u2019accessibilit\u00e9 des\u00a0r\u00e9gimes de\u00a0soutien du\u00a0revenu et de soutien social.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Jones, S. R. G., Lange, F., Riddell, W. C. et Warman, C. (2021, 13\u202fjuillet). Canadian labour market dynamics during COVID-19 (La dynamique du march\u00e9 du travail pendant la COVID-19). Document de travail du NBER\u202f29098. Cambridge, MA\u202f: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w29098\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/clef.uwaterloo.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/CLEF-037-Jones-_et_al.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><b>Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/b> <\/span><\/span><em><span data-contrast=\"auto\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">En 2021, les signes d\u2019une reprise inhabituelle coexistent avec une forte demande de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre et\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">une r\u00e9duction\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">des taux d\u2019emploi<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Ce\u00a0document traite des types de ch\u00f4mage caus\u00e9s par la COVID-19 et de leurs diff\u00e9rentes tendances et dynamiques tout au long de la pand\u00e9mie.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Alors que les\u00a0demandeurs d\u2019emploi\u00a0constituent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement la majorit\u00e9 des ch\u00f4meurs, les\u00a0cessations\u00a0temporaires\u00a0d\u2019emploi ont\u00a0domin\u00e9\u00a0le march\u00e9 du travail au d\u00e9but de la pand\u00e9mie.\u00a0\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que\u00a0bon nombre de ces\u00a0cessations d\u2019emploi\u00a0n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 class\u00e9es comme\u00a0des mises \u00e0 pied, le taux de ch\u00f4mage d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9lev\u00e9\u00a0a \u00e9t\u00e9\u00a0sous-estim\u00e9. Les taux de mises \u00e0 pied temporaires demeurent \u00e9lev\u00e9s\u00a0pendant\u00a0la reprise, tandis que la demande de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre,\u00a0mesur\u00e9e par les offres d\u2019emploi,\u00a0est \u00e9galement extr\u00eamement \u00e9lev\u00e9e.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Le document soutient donc que les restrictions li\u00e9es \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie pourraient freiner la reprise compl\u00e8te. L\u2019incidence de la COVID-19 n\u2019a pas non plus \u00e9t\u00e9 partag\u00e9e \u00e9galement. Les personnes qui ont conserv\u00e9 un emploi r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9 pendant la pand\u00e9mie de\u00a0la\u00a0COVID-19 avaient des revenus plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s et occupaient des emplois exigeant des comp\u00e9tences plus\u00a0pouss\u00e9es\u00a0que les personnes qui\u00a0se sont retrouv\u00e9es au ch\u00f4mage.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">De plus, le ch\u00f4mage de longue dur\u00e9e, qui a augment\u00e9, est plus difficile \u00e0\u00a0inverser\u00a0et, \u00e0 mesure que les programmes d\u2019aide f\u00e9d\u00e9raux prennent fin, les\u00a0ch\u00f4meurs\u00a0de longue dur\u00e9e peuvent subir des effets n\u00e9gatifs.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Jones, S. R. G., Lange, F., Riddell, W. C., & Warman, C. (2021, July 13). Canadian labour market dynamics during COVID-19. NBER Working Paper 29098. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w29098\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/clef.uwaterloo.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/CLEF-037-Jones-_et_al.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" lang=\"EN-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\">Key\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\">Takeaway<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\">:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><em><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" lang=\"EN-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" lang=\"EN-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\">In<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\">\u00a02021<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\">\u00a0signs of an unusual recovery co-exist<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\">\u00a0with<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\">\u00a0strong labour<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\">demand and depressed employment rates<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135211666 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This paper discusses\u00a0the types of\u00a0unemployment\u00a0caused by\u00a0COVID-19\u00a0and their differing patterns and dynamics throughout the pandemic.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">While\u00a0unemployed\u00a0job\u00a0seekers\u00a0usually make up most\u00a0of the unemployed, temporary\u00a0separations\u00a0from employment dominated\u00a0the\u00a0labour market\u00a0at\u00a0the\u00a0beginning of the pandemic.\u00a0As many of these separations\u00a0were not classified\u00a0as layoffs, the already high unemployment\u00a0rate\u00a0was\u00a0understated.\u00a0The\u00a0rates of temporary layoffs remain\u00a0high\u00a0through recovery\u00a0while\u00a0labour demand as measured by job postings is\u00a0also\u00a0extremely high.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The\u00a0paper\u00a0thus\u00a0argues\u00a0that\u00a0pandemic\u00a0restrictions might be\u00a0stalling\u00a0full recovery.\u00a0The\u00a0impact\u00a0of COVID-19\u00a0was also not shared equally. The people who maintained paid employment during COVID-19\u00a0had higher earnings and worked in jobs with higher skill requirements compared to people who became unemployed.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Additionally, long-term unemployment, which has increased, is more difficult to reverse and, as federal relief programs end, long-term unemployed workers may suffer adverse effects.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Ivanova, I. (2021, July 6). Inequality, employment and COVID-19, Priorities for fostering an inclusive recovery in BC. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/publications\/reports\/inequality-employment-and-covid-19\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/BC%20Office\/2021\/07\/ccpa-bc_Inequality-Employment-COVID_full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Key Takeaway<\/b><strong>:<\/strong> <i><span data-contrast=\"none\">The pandemic has highlighted and deepened long-standing gender, racial and economic inequalities\u00a0which must be addressed in order to achieve\u00a0an equitable recovery.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lower-paid workers in part-time, temporary and precarious jobs were more likely to lose their jobs in the pandemic and experience a slower recovery. Female, Indigenous and racialized workers are more likely to fall in this category.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Other\u00a0factors\u00a0such as being a parent, an immigrant, or an essential worker exacerbated\u00a0the impacts of the pandemic\u00a0on workers,\u00a0preventing\u00a0individuals\u00a0from fully participating in the\u00a0labour\u00a0market and putting them\u00a0at a\u00a0higher risk of exposure to the virus.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Policy recommendations include investing in people-centric physical and social infrastructure, strengthening workplace rights, and\u00a0ensuring\u00a0the\u00a0adequacy and accessibility of income and social support systems.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>International Labour Organization. (2021, June 17). Global call to action for a human-centred recovery from the COVID-19 crisis that is inclusive, sustainable and resilient. Geneva: ILO.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/ilc\/ILCSessions\/109\/reports\/texts-adopted\/WCMS_806092\/lang--en\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---ed_norm\/---relconf\/documents\/meetingdocument\/wcms_806092.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Key\u00a0Takeaway:<\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Governments should strengthen worker and social protections\u00a0and\u00a0support sustainable enterprise.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The ILO has raised several key issues in\u00a0their\u00a0call\u00a0to\u00a0action\u00a0for\u00a0pandemic\u00a0recovery. The global pandemic has had a profound impact on humanity, underscoring the interdependence of all societies and cultures.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The global labour market continues to face increased unemployment, labour shortages, business closures,\u00a0particularly\u00a0for small to medium enterprises, as well as supply chain disruptions. The crisis affected the most disadvantaged and vulnerable populations, especially those among the informal economy and\u00a0performing\u00a0insecure forms of work.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Women have faced disproportionate job and income losses because of their overrepresentation in the hardest hit sectors\u00a0and\u00a0many continue to work on the front lines of health and long-term care. Disruptions in the education system have made it harder for youth to find jobs,\u00a0and\u00a0transition from training to work.\u00a0They also\u00a0face increased risk of a reduced earnings trajectory and stunted career advancement over the course of their lives.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The ILO calls for safe, equitable,\u00a0effective COVID-19 vaccine distribution to ensure curbing the growth of inequality within and between countries. The agenda finds that governments should look to strengthen worker and social\u00a0protections\u00a0as well as support sustainable enterprise.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Organisation internationale du Travail. (2021, 17\u202fjuin). Appel mondial \u00e0 l\u2019action en vue d\u2019une reprise centr\u00e9e sur l\u2019humain, qui soit inclusive, durable et r\u00e9siliente pour sortir de la crise du COVID-19. Gen\u00e8ve\u202f: OIT.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/ilc\/ILCSessions\/109\/reports\/texts-adopted\/WCMS_806094\/lang--fr\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---ed_norm\/---relconf\/documents\/meetingdocument\/wcms_806094.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/span><\/span> <\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les gouvernements devraient renforcer les protections sociales et des travailleurs et soutenir l\u2019entreprise durable.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">L\u2019OIT a soulev\u00e9 plusieurs questions cl\u00e9s dans son appel \u00e0 l\u2019action pour la reprise apr\u00e8s une pand\u00e9mie. La pand\u00e9mie mondiale a eu\u00a0des r\u00e9percussions\u00a0profondes\u00a0sur l\u2019humanit\u00e9, soulignant l\u2019interd\u00e9pendance de toutes les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et cultures.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Le march\u00e9 mondial de l\u2019emploi\u00a0reste confront\u00e9\u00a0\u00e0 une augmentation du ch\u00f4mage, \u00e0 des p\u00e9nuries de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre, \u00e0 des fermetures d\u2019entreprises, en particulier pour les petites et moyennes entreprises, ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 des perturbations de la cha\u00eene d\u2019approvisionnement. La crise a touch\u00e9 les populations les plus d\u00e9favoris\u00e9es et vuln\u00e9rables, en particulier celles\u00a0qui font partie\u00a0de l\u2019\u00e9conomie informelle et qui exercent des formes de travail pr\u00e9caires.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les femmes ont subi des pertes d\u2019emploi et de revenus\u00a0disproportionn\u00e9es\u00a0en raison de leur surrepr\u00e9sentation dans les secteurs les plus durement touch\u00e9s et\u00a0nombre d\u2019entre elles\u00a0continuent de travailler en premi\u00e8re ligne dans le domaine de la sant\u00e9 et des soins de longue dur\u00e9e. Les perturbations du\u00a0syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9ducation ont rendu plus difficile pour les jeunes de trouver un emploi et de passer de la formation \u00e0 l\u2019emploi. Ils sont \u00e9galement expos\u00e9s \u00e0 un risque accru de r\u00e9duction de\u00a0leurs revenus\u00a0et de retard dans leur cheminement de carri\u00e8re au cours de leur vie.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">L\u2019OIT appelle \u00e0 une distribution s\u00fbre, \u00e9quitable et efficace du vaccin contre la COVID-19 afin de freiner la croissance des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s au sein des pays et entre eux. Le programme conclut que les gouvernements devraient chercher \u00e0 renforcer les protections sociales et des travailleurs ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 soutenir les\u00a0entreprises\u00a0durables.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Saba, T., Blanchette, S., & Kronfli C. (2021, June 17). Supporting Entrepreneurship and SMEs: A Post-Pandemic Skills and Training Agenda. Future Skills Centre.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/fsc-ccf.ca\/research\/supporting-entrepreneurship-and-smes\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/fsc-ccf.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/SupportingEntrepreneurshipAndSMEs-Skills-for-the-Post-Pandemic-World-Series-June2021-EN.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Key\u00a0Takeaway:\u00a0<\/span><\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">COVID-19 hit\u00a0small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)\u00a0hard, and few\u00a0of these organizations\u00a0have the resources needed to deal with the skills and labour shortages that have been exacerbated by the pandemic.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This report reviews existing research on\u00a0the upskilling and training needs of\u00a0small and medium-sized enterprises\u00a0(SMEs)\u00a0and\u00a0entrepreneurs and\u00a0presents preliminary results from a survey on skills and competencies.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The survey results show that more work needs to be done to better support SMEs\u00a0to\u00a0bridge\u00a0skills gaps and overcoming labour shortages.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">SMEs\u00a0and entrepreneurs\u00a0have limited\u00a0capacity to invest in\u00a0human resources, recruitment, training and upskilling, and\u00a0pandemic recovery plans should consider these limitations.\u00a0The\u00a0report\u00a0provides\u00a0recommendations\u00a0about\u00a0how\u00a0SMEs\u00a0and entrepreneurs\u00a0can be supported to\u00a0address skills and labour shortages in a post-pandemic world.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Saba,\u202fT., Blanchette,\u202fS., et Kronfli\u202fC. (2021, 17\u202f juin\u202f). Soutenir l\u2019entrepreneuriat et les PME\u202f: un programme post-pand\u00e9mie pour les comp\u00e9tences et la formation. Centre des comp\u00e9tences futures.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/fsc-ccf.ca\/fr\/recherche\/soutenir-lentrepreneuriat-et-les-pme-un-programme-postpandemie-pour-les-competences-et-la-formation\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/fsc-ccf.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Soutenir-lentrepreneuriat-et-les-PME-Skills-for-the-Post-Pandemic-World-Series-Juin2021-FR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">L\u2019incidence\u00a0de la pand\u00e9mie de\u00a0COVID-19\u00a0sur les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME)\u00a0a \u00e9t\u00e9 importante et peu d\u2019entre elles ont les ressources\u00a0n\u00e9cessaires\u00a0pour faire face\u00a0aux p\u00e9nuries de comp\u00e9tences et de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre\u00a0qui ont empir\u00e9 en raison de la pand\u00e9mie.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Le rapport\u00a0passe en revue les\u00a0r\u00e9sultats de recherches\u00a0existantes sur\u00a0les besoins en formation et en perfectionnement des petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) et des entrepreneurs, et pr\u00e9sente les\u00a0r\u00e9sultats pr\u00e9liminaires d&#8217;une enqu\u00eate sur les\u00a0aptitudes et les comp\u00e9tences.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les r\u00e9sultats de l\u2019enqu\u00eate r\u00e9v\u00e8lent qu\u2019il reste du travail \u00e0 faire pour\u00a0mieux aider les PME \u00e0 combler les lacunes en mati\u00e8re de comp\u00e9tences et \u00e0\u00a0rem\u00e9dier aux p\u00e9nuries de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les PME et les\u00a0entrepreneurs\u00a0ont une capacit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e \u00e0 investir dans les ressources humaines, le recrutement, la formation et le perfectionnement, et les plans de reprise\u00a0apr\u00e8s la pand\u00e9mie\u00a0doivent tenir compte de ces limites. Le rapport\u00a0pr\u00e9sente des recommandations sur la fa\u00e7on de venir en aide aux PME et aux entrepreneurs afin qu\u2019ils puissent\u00a0rem\u00e9dier aux p\u00e9nuries de comp\u00e9tences et de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre\u00a0dans un monde post-pand\u00e9mie.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Toor, K & Smailes, M. (2021, June 14). Impact of COVID-19 on businesses majority-owned by visible minorities in Canada, second quarter of 2021. Statistics Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00026-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00026-eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Key Takeaway:<\/b><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Businesses majority-owned by visible minorities face greater obstacles compared to\u00a0other\u00a0private businesses.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This research explores the impact of COVID-19 on businesses majority-owned by visible minorities in the second quarter of 2021, using data from the Canadian Business Survey.\u00a0Businesses majority-owned by visible minorities represent 13% of all private sector businesses.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The authors find that businesses majority-owned by visible minorities\u00a0face\u00a0greater decreases in demand, prices, sales and profitability\u00a0compared to all private sector businesses.\u00a0These businesses also face greater challenges in four of the five top obstacles for private businesses: attracting new or returning customers, fluctuations in consumer demand, insufficient demand, and maintaining sufficient cash flow or managing debt.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Toor,\u202fK et Smailes,\u202fM. (2021, 14\u202f juin\u202f). Les r\u00e9percussions de la COVID-19 sur les entreprises appartenant majoritairement \u00e0 des membres des minorit\u00e9s visibles, deuxi\u00e8me trimestre de 2021. Statistique Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00026-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00026-fra.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/span><\/span> <\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les entreprises appartenant majoritairement \u00e0 des membres des minorit\u00e9s visibles<\/span><\/i><b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">font face \u00e0 des obstacles plus importants\u00a0que les autres entreprises priv\u00e9es.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Cette\u00a0\u00e9tude se penche sur\u00a0les r\u00e9percussions de la\u00a0COVID-19\u00a0sur les entreprises appartenant majoritairement \u00e0 des membres des minorit\u00e9s visibles\u00a0au cours du deuxi\u00e8me trimestre de 2021, en utilisant les\u00a0r\u00e9sultats de l\u2019Enqu\u00eate canadienne sur la situation des entreprises.\u00a0Les entreprises appartenant majoritairement \u00e0 des membres des minorit\u00e9s visibles repr\u00e9sentent 13\u202f% de l\u2019ensemble des entreprises du secteur priv\u00e9.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les auteurs ont constat\u00e9 que les entreprises appartenant\u00a0majoritairement \u00e0 des membres des minorit\u00e9s visibles\u00a0ont enregistr\u00e9 des baisses plus prononc\u00e9es de la demande, des prix, des ventes et de la rentabilit\u00e9 comparativement\u00a0\u00e0 l\u2019ensemble des entreprises du secteur priv\u00e9. Ces entreprises font aussi face \u00e0 des d\u00e9fis plus grands dans\u00a0quatre des cinq principales cat\u00e9gories d\u2019obstacle pour\u00a0les entreprises du secteur priv\u00e9\u202f:\u00a0attirer de nouveaux clients ou les clients actuels,\u00a0fluctuations de la demande des consommateurs, demande insuffisante, et maintien d\u2019un flux de tr\u00e9sorerie\u00a0suffisant ou gestion de la dette.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Tam, S., Sood, S. & Johnston, C. (2021, June 8). Impact of COVID-19 on the tourism sector, second quarter of 2021. Statistics Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00023-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00023-eng.pdf?st=_lHLxChN\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Takeaway:<\/strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A majority\u00a0of\u00a0tourism-related\u00a0businesses report\u00a0feeling optimistic about\u00a0the next 12 months,\u00a0despite anticipated challenges.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Travel restrictions have had a\u00a0significant\u00a0impact on businesses in the tourism sector.\u00a0Nearly\u00a085% of businesses in the tourism sector experienced a decline in revenue in 2020.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Many tourism businesses believe losses will continue into the near future and\u00a0anticipate\u00a0rising costs of inputs,\u00a0continued and additional\u00a0travel restrictions and\u00a0other\u00a0obstacles\u00a0to\u00a0attracting customers.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Despite these\u00a0challenges,\u00a0businesses in the tourism sector report a positive outlook in the long term \u2013 with a majority (65.7%)\u00a0feeling somewhat or very optimistic\u00a0about\u00a0the next 12 months.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Tam,\u202fS., Sood,\u202fS. et Johnston,\u202fC. (2021, 8\u202fjuin\u202f). Les r\u00e9percussions de la COVID-19 sur le secteur du tourisme, deuxi\u00e8me trimestre de 2021. Statistique Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00023-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00023-fra.pdf?st=_lHLxChN\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/span><\/span> <\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">La\u00a0majorit\u00e9 des\u00a0entreprises du secteur du tourisme\u00a0d\u00e9clare se sentir optimiste\u00a0quant aux perspectives de leur entreprise au cours des 12\u202fprochains mois,\u00a0malgr\u00e9 les\u00a0d\u00e9fis\u00a0pr\u00e9vus.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les restrictions de voyage\u00a0ont eu des r\u00e9percussions consid\u00e9rables sur les entreprises du secteur du tourisme.\u00a0Pr\u00e8s de\u00a085\u202f%\u00a0des entreprises du secteur du tourisme ont enregistr\u00e9 une baisse de revenus en\u00a02020.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">De nombreuses entreprises du secteur du tourisme pr\u00e9voient que les pertes se poursuivront dans un avenir rapproch\u00e9\u00a0et s\u2019attendent\u00a0\u00e0 une augmentation du co\u00fbt des intrants,\u00a0\u00e0 des restrictions de voyage continues et suppl\u00e9mentaires, et \u00e0 d\u2019autres obstacles\u00a0emp\u00eachant d\u2019attirer des clients.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Malgr\u00e9 ces d\u00e9fis, les entreprises du secteur du\u00a0tourisme\u00a0font \u00e9tat de perspectives \u00e0 long terme positives; la majorit\u00e9\u00a0(65,7\u202f%)\u00a0sont\u00a0plut\u00f4t ou tr\u00e8s optimistes\u00a0quant aux perspectives de leur entreprise au cours des 12\u202fprochains mois.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Nardon, L., Hari, H., Zhang, H., Hoselton, L. P. S. et Kuzhabekova, A. (2021, 3\u202fjuin). Skilled immigrant women\u2019s career trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada (Trajectoires de carri\u00e8re des immigrantes qualifi\u00e9es pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 au Canada). \u00c9galit\u00e9, diversit\u00e9 et inclusion.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/EDI-09-2020-0255\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/EDI-09-2020-0255\/full\/pdf?title=skilled-immigrant-womens-career-trajectories-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-canada\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(en\u00a0anglais seulement)<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/span><\/span> <\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">La pand\u00e9mie a\u00a0accentu\u00e9 les d\u00e9fis existants\u00a0pour les immigrantes qualifi\u00e9es.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Cette recherche explore l\u2019incidence de la COVID-19 sur les exp\u00e9riences de travail et les r\u00e9sultats sur le march\u00e9 du travail des immigrantes qualifi\u00e9es. Les auteurs examinent les\u00a0exp\u00e9riences\u00a0des immigrantes ayant un niveau d\u2019\u00e9ducation sup\u00e9rieur et\u00a0qui sont arriv\u00e9es au Canada au cours des cinq derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">La pand\u00e9mie a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 modifier la structure du travail en marginalisant certains groupes plus que d\u2019autres, limitant ainsi le capital social et le soutien offerts aux nouvelles arrivantes\u00a0tout en\u00a0accentuant les difficult\u00e9s\u00a0existantes.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Par cons\u00e9quent, des immigrantes qualifi\u00e9es ont signal\u00e9 des retards ou des interruptions dans leur carri\u00e8re. Dans l\u2019ensemble, l\u2019\u00e9tude met en \u00e9vidence les d\u00e9fis accrus et la dynamique de genre de la pand\u00e9mie\u00a0ainsi que\u00a0l\u2019importance de prendre d\u2019autres mesures pour aider les nouvelles arrivantes.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Nardon, L., Hari, H., Zhang, H., Hoselton, L. P. S., & Kuzhabekova, A. (2021, June 3). Skilled immigrant women\u2019s career trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/EDI-09-2020-0255\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/EDI-09-2020-0255\/full\/pdf?title=skilled-immigrant-womens-career-trajectories-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-in-canada\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Key Takeaway<\/b>:<i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0The pandemic\u00a0has\u00a0heightened existing challenges for skilled immigrant\u00a0women<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This research explores the impact of COVID-19 on the work experiences and labour market outcomes of skilled immigrant women. The authors examine the experiences of immigrant women\u00a0with a higher-level of education\u00a0who\u00a0arrived in Canada\u00a0within the\u00a0past\u00a0five\u00a0years.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The pandemic contributed to the shifting structure of work\u00a0by\u00a0marginalizing some groups more than others,\u00a0thereby\u00a0limiting\u00a0the social capital and support available for newcomer women\u00a0as well as\u00a0heightening existing challenges.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As a result, skilled immigrant women reported\u00a0delays or interruptions in their careers. Overall, the study highlights the heightened challenges and gender dynamics\u00a0of\u00a0the pandemic and the importance\u00a0of\u00a0further action to support newcomer women.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Charnock, S., Heisz A., Kaddatz, J., Spinks, N., Mann, R. (2021, 15 avril). Le bien-\u00eatre des Canadiens au cours de la premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9e de la pand\u00e9mie de la COVID-19. No 75F0002M au catalogue. Ottawa (Ontario)\u202f: Statistique Canada, gouvernement du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/75f0002m\/75f0002m2021003-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/fr\/pub\/75f0002m\/75f0002m2021003-fra.pdf?st=jhcRVeHR\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/span><\/span> <\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les personnes \u00e0 faible revenu, les minorit\u00e9s visibles, les femmes et les personnes de diverses identit\u00e9s de genre sont les plus touch\u00e9es par les graves r\u00e9percussions de la COVID-19 sur le bien-\u00eatre.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Ce document d\u00e9crit comment les aspects bien-\u00eatre\u00a0li\u00e9s au\u00a0revenu et\u00a0\u00e0 la richesse, aux\u00a0connaissances et\u00a0aux\u00a0comp\u00e9tences,\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0l\u2019\u00e9quilibre travail-vie personnelle,\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0la sant\u00e9 et\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0l\u2019environnement ont \u00e9t\u00e9\u00a0perturb\u00e9s\u00a0pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19. Le revenu et la richesse des personnes \u00e0 faible revenu ont \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9rablement\u00a0affect\u00e9s, et le ch\u00f4mage et les facteurs de stress financier ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ressentis de fa\u00e7on disproportionn\u00e9e par les femmes, les jeunes, les Autochtones et les groupes minoritaires. Bon nombre de ces m\u00eames personnes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9savantag\u00e9es dans l\u2019acquisition et le maintien des connaissances et des comp\u00e9tences, l\u2019Internet\u00a0\u00e9tant\u00a0devenu un outil essentiel pour le travail et l\u2019apprentissage \u00e0 la maison.\u00a0Comme\u00a0les enfants\u00a0sont rest\u00e9s\u00a0\u00e0 la maison,\u00a0il est devenu de plus en plus difficile de maintenir un\u00a0\u00e9quilibre\u00a0entre le\u00a0travail\u00a0et la\u00a0vie priv\u00e9e\u00a0pour les Canadiens, qui ont class\u00e9 leur principale pr\u00e9occupation en juin 2020 comme\u00a0\u00e9tant\u00a0la fa\u00e7on de concilier la garde des enfants,\u00a0les\u00a0\u00e9tudes\u00a0et le travail. Cette situation\u00a0a eu des r\u00e9percussions particuli\u00e8rement importantes sur les femmes, qui \u00e9taient \u00e9galement plus susceptibles de signaler une d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration de\u00a0leur\u00a0sant\u00e9 mentale. Les membres des minorit\u00e9s visibles \u00e9taient \u00e9galement plus susceptibles de\u00a0faire \u00e9tat d\u2019une mauvaise sant\u00e9 mentale, mais les personnes de diverses identit\u00e9s de genre \u00e9taient trois fois plus susceptibles de d\u00e9clarer de tels r\u00e9sultats. De nombreux Canadiens\u00a0se sont adapt\u00e9s et ont profit\u00e9 du temps\u00a0pass\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur et dans la nature.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Charnock, S., Heisz A., Kaddatz, J., Spinks, N., Mann, R. (2021, April 15). Canadians' Well-being in Year One of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Catalogue no. 75F0002M. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/75f0002m\/75f0002m2021003-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/75f0002m\/75f0002m2021003-eng.pdf?st=r3XjvK2d\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key Takeaway<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">L<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ow-income earners, visible minorities, women, and gender diverse persons carry the brunt\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">of\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">COVID\u2019s severe impact on well-being.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This paper describes how\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the well-being aspects of income and wealth, knowledge and skills, work\u2013life balance, health, and environment have been affected during the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">COVID\u201119 pandemic. Income and wealth of low-income earners were significantly impacted, and both unemployment and financial stressors have been disproportionately felt by women, youth,\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">i<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ndigenous people and minority groups. Many of these same people were left at a disadvantage in acquiring and maintaining knowledge and\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">skills as the Internet has become a critical tool for working and learning at home. As kids remained at home, maintaining a work-life balance became increasingly hard for Canadians, who ranked their number one concern in June 2020 as how to balance childcare, schooling and work. This has been particularly impactful for women, who were also more likely to report worsened mental health outcomes. Visible minorities were also more likely to report poor mental health but gender-diverse persons were three times more likely to report such outcomes. Many Canadians have been coping by and benefiting from spending time outdoors and with nature.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Drummond, D., Laurin, A. et Robson W. (2021, 8 avril). Recovery and stability : A shadow federal budget for 2021 (Reprise et stabilit\u00e9\u202f: Un budget f\u00e9d\u00e9ral fictif pour 2021). Toronto (Ontario)\u202f: Institut C.D. Howe.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/public-policy-research\/recovery-and-stability-shadow-federal-budget-2021#:~:text=Recovery%20and%20Stability%3A%20A%20Shadow%20Federal%20Budget%20for%202021,-April%208%2C%202021&text=The%20Federal%20Government's%20spending%20and,path%20back%20to%20fiscal%20stability.\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/sites\/default\/files\/attachments\/research_papers\/mixed\/Commentary_597_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en\u00a0anglais seulement)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/span><\/span> <\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Le Canada a besoin d\u2019un budget f\u00e9d\u00e9ral qui appuie la croissance \u00e9conomique tout en limitant la dette du pays pour qu\u2019il se r\u00e9tablisse de la COVID-19. <\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">L\u2019Institut C.D. Howe propose un budget\u00a0fant\u00f4me\u00a0pour le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral du Canada afin de relever deux d\u00e9fis. Le\u00a0premier\u00a0consiste \u00e0 mettre en\u00a0\u0153uvre\u00a0des mesures propices \u00e0 une reprise \u00e9conomique vigoureuse apr\u00e8s la pand\u00e9mie et le second\u00a0consiste \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la dette publique \u00e0 des niveaux \u00e9conomiquement viables et \u00e9quitables pour les futurs Canadiens. Ce budget\u00a0fictif\u00a0comprend des mesures visant \u00e0 accro\u00eetre\u00a0l\u2019investissement et la prise de risques \u00e0 long terme, \u00e0 rendre le Canada plus attrayant pour les travailleurs qualifi\u00e9s et, enfin, \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer le rendement du march\u00e9 du travail. Le soutien de la reprise apr\u00e8s la COVID-19 et le r\u00e9tablissement d\u2019un cadre financier coh\u00e9rent sont\u00a0des \u00e9l\u00e9ments\u00a0essentiels pour le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral en 2021.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Drummond, D., Laurin, A., and Robson W. (2021, April 8). Recovery and stability: A shadow federal budget for 2021. Toronto, ON:  C.D. Howe Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/public-policy-research\/recovery-and-stability-shadow-federal-budget-2021#:~:text=Recovery%20and%20Stability%3A%20A%20Shadow%20Federal%20Budget%20for%202021,-April%208%2C%202021&text=The%20Federal%20Government's%20spending%20and,path%20back%20to%20fiscal%20stability.\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/sites\/default\/files\/attachments\/research_papers\/mixed\/Commentary_597_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key takeaway<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">:\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Canada needs a federal budget that supports economic growth while limiting the country\u2019s debt to recover from COVID-19.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The C.D. Howe Institute proposes a Shadow Budget for the federal government of Canada to address two challenges. The first is executing measures conductive to a strong post-pandemic economic recovery and the second is lowering government debt to amounts that are economically viable and fair to future Canadians. This Shadow Budget includes measures to enhance investment and risk taking in the long run, make Canada more attractive to skilled workers and lastly, improve the performance of the\u00a0labour\u00a0market.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Supporting the recovery from COVID-19 and re-establishing a coherent fiscal framework\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are key\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">for the federal government\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Smith, P. M., Oudyk, J., Potter, G. et Mustard, C. (2021, avril). Labour market attachment, workplace infection control procedures and mental health: a cross-sectional survey of Canadian non-healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic (L\u2019attachement au march\u00e9 du travail, les proc\u00e9dures de lutte contre les infections en milieu de travail et la sant\u00e9 mentale\u202f: une enqu\u00eate transversale men\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s de travailleurs canadiens autres que des travailleurs de la sant\u00e9 pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19). Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 65(3), 266-276.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article\/65\/3\/266\/6032759?login=true\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/watermark.silverchair.com\/wxaa119.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAqIwggKeBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKPMIICiwIBADCCAoQGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMkena2uXasEHL-IHGAgEQgIICVRswxvkkh08iT-KIGpl5ol0LorNIcpBwOvlrqCS4iD4Ce3sDwSRrAdLz7b-Aqr-lu8KnijPAoJIlU9sq3XUKcBUNrKXhonH_m-qOsE85zPGGWVcIAh2rnXJ6OKKZg5ZuBw6bR3451zCbWGkroWjoEwrrAOw6nuAwU3BIOtS-lTeBCZATgXPJRrHjYStN7-LLVPbKx-Huaw3MVYolO_rBsuJn8Hspw8LA63WrzHSuvGtteRaTPZkc9U0uddMenmFbO9K7qTuSvWv0ZHdmAji7gpdDph_wYx2yxz0oRQXcAA21kMZOPYUujakSBpXGH6gAKCDjztb4lLg1lTES2IOX0VaqbkfJjrjtlJwXiHtzPqKT3yD9aqW9DiS60VT98K_JAXNDaDtAi9NjthT-T0DKoJ8Q6Kk4vd98g4HdJtFk_alg14s0wYi33tYTr8TtJl59KMAAseS2FhIZEL4WxvAfJPV2YmGo2saZTKtbXQ1bQmGMIzEz0X9fhlWVA7Bshbk2o_zFcgmB4z3MlN1HL94WfFn0nyhqX3mMk4lieliCUaBTJEEw5V1oWU_WBffsAAk_eNnqAh8aHQQEXaPxa2L8LGFEm_2GjZp4bywK3L-rYxWNmWgGx2Oh-Jjs1rpYy9QrPXyzhnLAFHOqHGiLYsGMf17z2BXUlAi0nQEuR6vsApopmKq9zQULts6a-zSH9jqcmd5fq4uCx5pZCLAVk2jHmx8PuISS624fO5uZnwJFjiTp7R5GgKZqjX3TG5ZTBuu7LQlj6av_lBDXZu-T0RprEt3zxAd7Pw\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en\u00a0anglais seulement)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales <\/span><\/span>:<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les travailleurs sur place qui\u00a0disposent d\u2019un\u00a0programme de lutte contre les infections\u00a0et\u00a0d\u2019un\u00a0\u00e9quipement de protection individuelle pr\u00e9sentent les\u00a0niveaux les\u00a0plus faibles\u00a0de sympt\u00f4mes d\u2019anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et de d\u00e9pression.<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Ce document explore la relation entre la sant\u00e9 mentale, l\u2019attachement au march\u00e9 du travail et les mesures de protection de la sant\u00e9 au travail. Les chercheurs ont sond\u00e9 plus de 5\u2009000 r\u00e9pondants, mesurant\u00a0les sympt\u00f4mes d\u2019anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et de d\u00e9pression, ainsi que leur perception de l\u2019ad\u00e9quation et de la mise en \u0153uvre de programmes de\u00a0lutte contre les\u00a0infections\u00a0(PLI)\u00a0et des\u00a0\u00e9quipements\u00a0de protection individuelle\u00a0(\u00c9PI)\u00a0sur leur lieu de travail.\u00a0Les r\u00e9pondants ont \u00e9t\u00e9 regroup\u00e9s entre les ch\u00f4meurs, les travailleurs\u00a0\u00e0 distance\u00a0et les travailleurs sur place,\u00a0avec des taux de satisfaction des\u00a0besoins en\u00a0mati\u00e8re de PLI et d\u2019\u00c9PI de 0\u202f%, de 1 \u00e0 49\u202f%, de 50 \u00e0 99\u202f% et de 100\u202f%. Les premi\u00e8res analyses ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que les travailleurs \u00e0 distance pr\u00e9sentaient les\u00a0niveaux les\u00a0plus faibles de sympt\u00f4mes\u00a0d\u2019anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et de sympt\u00f4mes de d\u00e9pression, mais apr\u00e8s avoir\u00a0pris en compte\u00a0la perception de l\u2019ad\u00e9quation et\u00a0de\u00a0la mise en \u0153uvre des\u00a0mesures de protection de la sant\u00e9\u00a0sur le lieu de\u00a0travail, les travailleurs\u00a0sur place dont\u00a0tous les besoins en\u00a0mati\u00e8re de\u00a0PLI et d\u2019\u00c9PI\u00a0\u00e9taient\u00a0satisfaits\u00a0pr\u00e9sentaient le niveau\u00a0le plus faible\u00a0de sympt\u00f4mes d\u2019anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 et de\u00a0d\u00e9pression\u00a0parmi tous les groupes. Cette recherche appuie l\u2019importance des programmes de lutte contre les infections\u00a0sur les lieux\u00a0de travail et l\u2019incidence\u00a0de ces programmes\u00a0sur la\u00a0sant\u00e9 mentale des travailleurs.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Smith, P. M., Oudyk, J., Potter, G., & Mustard, C. (2021, April). Labour market attachment, workplace infection control procedures and mental health: a cross-sectional survey of Canadian non-healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.\u202fAnnals of Work Exposures and Health,\u202f65(3), 266-276.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article\/65\/3\/266\/6032759?login=true\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/annweh\/article-pdf\/65\/3\/266\/37285714\/wxaa119.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key Takeaway<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">:\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Site-based workers\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">who have the<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0infection control program and personal protective\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">equipment<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">experience\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the lowest levels of anxiety and depression\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">symptoms.<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This paper explores the relationship between mental health,\u00a0labour\u00a0market attachment and protective health measures at work. The researchers surveyed over 5000 respondents, measuring anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as their perceived adequacy and implementation of infection control programs and personal protective equipment at their workplace. The respondents were grouped between unemployed, remote workers and site-based workers with 0%, 1-49%, 50-99% and 100%\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ICP\/PPE needs being met. Initial analyses showed remote workers with the lowest levels of anxiety and depression symptoms, but after including perceived adequacy and implementation of protective health measures at work \u2013 site-based workers with all ICP\/PPE needs met had the lowest level of anxiety and depressive symptoms out of all groups. This research supports the importance of infection control programs in workplaces and the impact they have on workers mental health.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Boessenkool, K. et Robson, J. (2021, mars). Aggressive Incrementalism : Strengthening the Foundations of Canada\u2019s Approach to Childcare (L\u2019incr\u00e9mentalisme agressif\u202f: Renforcer les fondements de l\u2019approche canadienne en mati\u00e8re de garde d\u2019enfants). Toronto (Ontario)\u202f: Institut C.D. Howe.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/public-policy-research\/aggressive-incrementalism-strengthening-foundations-canada%E2%80%99s-approach-childcare#:~:text=In%20contrast%20to%20calls%20for,authors%20Ken%20Boessenkool%20and%20Dr.&text=They%20propose%20a%20raft%20of,on%20structures%20already%20in%20place.\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/sites\/default\/files\/attachments\/research_papers\/mixed\/Commentary_595.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en\u00a0anglais seulement)\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales <\/span><\/span>\u202f:<\/b> <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les politiques du Canada en mati\u00e8re d\u2019apprentissage et de garde des jeunes enfants n\u00e9cessitent des r\u00e9formes progressives mais \u00e9nergiques.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les auteurs\u00a0de ce\u00a0document examinent les politiques canadiennes actuelles en mati\u00e8re d\u2019apprentissage et de garde des jeunes enfants et proposent trois recommandations. La premi\u00e8re est que l\u2019actuelle\u00a0d\u00e9duction\u00a0pour\u00a0frais de garde d\u2019enfants, qui r\u00e9gressive\u00a0par nature\u00a0puisqu\u2019elle renforce les\u00a0r\u00f4les sexuels patriarcaux\u00a0des parents, soit remplac\u00e9e par un cr\u00e9dit d\u2019imp\u00f4t remboursable plus g\u00e9n\u00e9reux, progressif et\u00a0fr\u00e9quemment vers\u00e9. La deuxi\u00e8me recommandation est que les provinces augmentent le nombre de places en garderie. La troisi\u00e8me recommandation est que les fonds f\u00e9d\u00e9raux existants et nouveaux pour les services de garde d\u2019enfants soient fusionn\u00e9s en un seul transfert r\u00e9serv\u00e9 et permanent aux provinces. Ces recommandations suivent une m\u00e9thode progressive mais\u00a0\u00e9nergique\u00a0pour s\u2019assurer que les femmes et les familles ont acc\u00e8s \u00e0 des services de garde abordables.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Boessenkool, K., & Robson, J. (2021, March 30). Aggressive incrementalism: Strengthening the foundations of Canada\u2019s approach to childcare. Toronto, ON: C.D. Howe Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/public-policy-research\/aggressive-incrementalism-strengthening-foundations-canada%E2%80%99s-approach-childcare#:~:text=In%20contrast%20to%20calls%20for,authors%20Ken%20Boessenkool%20and%20Dr.&text=They%20propose%20a%20raft%20of,on%20structures%20already%20in%20place.\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/sites\/default\/files\/attachments\/research_papers\/mixed\/Commentary_595.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Takeaway:<\/strong> <em>Canada\u2019s early learning and childcare policies need incremental but aggressive reforms.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The authors of this paper look at Canada\u2019s current early learning and childcare policies and suggest three recommendations. First, the existing Child Care Expense Deduction (CCED), which is regressive in nature since it reinforces patriarchal gender roles for parents, should be substituted with a more generous, progressive, frequently paid refundable tax credit. Second, provinces should increase childcare spaces. Third, existing and new federal money for childcare should be merged into one dedicated, permanent transfer to provinces. These recommendations are meant to provide an incremental but aggressive method to ensure that women and families have accessible, affordable childcare.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Leung, E. (2021, 24 mars). Caract\u00e9ristiques des entreprises qui ont ferm\u00e9 pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 en 2020. No\u202f36-28-0001 au catalogue. Ottawa (Ontario)\u202f: Statistique Canada, gouvernement du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/36-28-0001\/2021003\/article\/00003-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/36-28-0001\/2021003\/article\/00003-fra.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/span><\/span><\/b> <em>Les entreprises\u00a0de plus grande taille pr\u00e9sentant\u00a0des caract\u00e9ristiques financi\u00e8res plus solides risquent de fermer \u00e0 mesure que la pand\u00e9mie se poursuit<\/em><\/span><em>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Cette \u00e9tude compare les caract\u00e9ristiques des entreprises qui ont ferm\u00e9 en septembre et en novembre 2020 avec celles qui ont ferm\u00e9 en f\u00e9vrier 2020\u00a0afin d\u2019estimer le risque de fermeture d\u2019entreprise en raison de la COVID-19. Elle\u00a0utilise de nouvelles donn\u00e9es administratives coupl\u00e9es sur les fermetures d\u2019entreprises et les positions financi\u00e8res ant\u00e9rieures pour estimer l\u2019incidence des caract\u00e9ristiques des\u00a0entreprises sur les fermetures. Elle r\u00e9v\u00e8le\u00a0que les entreprises qui ont ferm\u00e9 au d\u00e9but de la pand\u00e9mie \u00e9taient susceptibles d\u2019avoir un risque\u00a0estim\u00e9\u00a0de fermeture plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 que celles qui ont ferm\u00e9 plus tard dans l\u2019ann\u00e9e. Ces entreprises \u00e9taient plus susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre de nouveaux entrants, d\u2019avoir\u00a0un plus petit nombre d\u2019employ\u00e9s, moins d\u2019actifs, plus d\u2019endettement, moins de liquidit\u00e9s et moins de rentabilit\u00e9 que les entreprises ferm\u00e9es en septembre et novembre 2020.\u00a0L\u2019\u00e9tude r\u00e9v\u00e8le\u00a0\u00e9galement que le taux de fermeture des entreprises diminue avec le temps. Au cours des deux premiers mois de la\u00a0pand\u00e9mie (f\u00e9vrier et mars), le taux de\u00a0fermeture des\u00a0entreprises \u00e9tait\u00a0sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 20\u202f%, mais\u00a0il a ralenti\u00a0\u00e0 5\u202f% en ao\u00fbt et, en septembre 2020,\u00a0il est pass\u00e9 \u00e0 environ 13\u202f%. Ces r\u00e9sultats sugg\u00e8rent que les entreprises\u00a0dont la\u00a0situation financi\u00e8re\u00a0est\u00a0plus solide risquent de fermer leurs portes \u00e0 mesure que la pand\u00e9mie se poursuit.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Leung, E. (2021, March 24). Characteristics of businesses that closed during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Catalogue no. 36-28-0001. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/36-28-0001\/2021003\/article\/00003-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/36-28-0001\/2021003\/article\/00003-eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key Takeaway<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">:\u00a0<\/span><em>L<\/em><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">arger businesses with stronger financial characteristics\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">are<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0at risk of closing as the pandemic continues.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">study<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0compares the characteristics of business<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">es<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0that closed in September and November of 2020 with\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">those closed<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0in February 2020 to estimate the risk of business closure due to COVID 19. It uses new linked administrative data on business closures and past financial positions to estimate how business characteristics impact closure<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. It finds that businesses that closed in the early stages of the pandemic were likely to have a higher estimated risk of closure compared to those closed later in the year. Such businesses were more likely to be new entrants, have a smaller number of employees, less assets, more debt, lower liquidity, and less profitability compared to businesses closed\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0September and November 2020. It also finds that the rate of business closure diminishes over time. In the first two months of the pandemic (February and March) business closure was above 20% but slowed to 5% by August and by September 2020 the rate increased to about 13%. The findings suggest that businesses with stronger financial positions may be at risk of closure as the pandemic continues.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Mehdi T. & Morissette R. (2021, March 24). Working from home: Productivity and preferences. Catalogue no. 45280001. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00012-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00012-eng.pdf?st=t2X16k-l\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key Takeaway<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">:\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">I<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ncreased feasibility of telework will likely\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">reduce\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">job mismatch in a virtual global labour market.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This study\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">uses the supplement to the Labour Force Survey\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">and\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">focus on\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">core-aged\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">employees who usually worked outside the home prior to<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the COVID-19 pandemic but worked most of their hours at home during the week of February 14 to 20, 2021<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Most of<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">these\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">new teleworkers\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(90%)\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">report being at least as productive at<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">home as they were in their usual place of work<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0top<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">three\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">barriers\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">to productivity\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">for\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">10% of the sample\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">who\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">accomplished less work per hour<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">while working at home<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0include<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">:<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a lack of interaction with co-workers<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0(22%)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">having to care for children or other family members<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0(20%)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">having to do additional work to get things<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">done (13%)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0The\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">teleworkers report diverse preferences for telework<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">once the COVID-19 pandemic is ove<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">r.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">About 80%<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0indicated that they would like to\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">continue\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">work at least half of their<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">hours from home.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">If workers\u2019 preferences for telework do not fully align with those of employers, a new form of job mismatch might emerge once the pandemic is over. On the other hand, increased feasibility of telework will likely increase the pool of potential employers for job seekers, and vice-versa. In the end, job mismatch could be significantly reduced in a virtual global labour market.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Mehdi T. et Morissette R. (2021, 24 mars). Travail \u00e0 domicile\u202f: productivit\u00e9 et pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences. No\u202f45280001 au catalogue. Ottawa (Ontario)\u202f: Statistique Canada, gouvernement du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00012-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/fr\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00012-fra.pdf?st=4aei9jGz\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/span><\/span> <\/b>La faisabilit\u00e9 accrue du t\u00e9l\u00e9travail r\u00e9duira probablement l\u2019inad\u00e9quation des emplois dans un march\u00e9 du travail mondial virtuel.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Cette \u00e9tude utilise le suppl\u00e9ment\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0l\u2019Enqu\u00eate sur la population active et met l\u2019accent sur les employ\u00e9s du principal groupe d\u2019\u00e2ge qui travaillaient habituellement \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur du\u00a0domicile\u00a0avant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19, mais qui ont travaill\u00e9 la plupart de leurs heures \u00e0 la maison pendant la semaine du 14 au 20 f\u00e9vrier 2021. La plupart de ces nouveaux t\u00e9l\u00e9travailleurs (90\u202f%) d\u00e9clarent \u00eatre au moins aussi productifs \u00e0 la maison qu\u2019ils l\u2019\u00e9taient\u00a0dans leur lieu de travail habituel. Les trois principaux obstacles \u00e0 la productivit\u00e9 pour 10\u202f% de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon qui ont accompli moins de travail par\u00a0heure\u00a0en travaillant \u00e0 domicile\u00a0comprennent le manque d\u2019interaction avec les coll\u00e8gues (22\u202f%), la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de\u00a0s\u2019occuper des\u00a0enfants ou d\u2019autres membres de la famille (20\u202f%) et la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de faire\u00a0du travail suppl\u00e9mentaire pour accomplir\u00a0les t\u00e2ches\u00a0(13\u202f%).\u00a0Les t\u00e9l\u00e9travailleurs\u00a0font \u00e9tat de\u00a0diverses pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences\u00a0en mati\u00e8re de\u00a0t\u00e9l\u00e9travail une fois la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 termin\u00e9e. Environ 80\u202f% ont indiqu\u00e9 qu\u2019ils aimeraient continuer \u00e0 travailler au moins la moiti\u00e9 de leurs heures\u00a0depuis leur domicile. Si les pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences des travailleurs en mati\u00e8re de t\u00e9l\u00e9travail ne correspondent pas enti\u00e8rement \u00e0 celles des employeurs, une nouvelle forme d\u2019inad\u00e9quation des emplois pourrait appara\u00eetre une fois la pand\u00e9mie termin\u00e9e. D\u2019autre part, la faisabilit\u00e9 accrue du t\u00e9l\u00e9travail augmentera probablement le bassin d\u2019employeurs potentiels pour les chercheurs d\u2019emploi, et vice versa. En fin de compte, l\u2019inad\u00e9quation des emplois pourrait \u00eatre consid\u00e9rablement r\u00e9duite dans un march\u00e9 du travail mondial virtuel.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Fuller, S. et Qian, Y. (2021, 19 mars). COVID-19 and the gender gap in employment among parents of young children in Canada (La COVID-19 et l\u2019\u00e9cart entre les sexes en mati\u00e8re d\u2019emploi chez les parents de jeunes enfants au Canada) Gender & Society, 35(2), p. 206 \u00e0 217.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/08912432211001287\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08912432211001287\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">(<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">en\u00a0anglais seulement<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/span><\/span> <\/b><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s entre les sexes\u00a0en mati\u00e8re d\u2019emploi ont augment\u00e9 pour les femmes pendant la pand\u00e9mie. Avec la r\u00e9ouverture, l\u2019\u00e9cart\u00a0s\u2019est r\u00e9duit, mais certains d\u00e9fis persistent.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Cette recherche explore les r\u00e9percussions sociales et \u00e9conomiques de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 sur l\u2019\u00e9quit\u00e9 entre les sexes et les classes. Les auteurs constatent qu\u2019entre f\u00e9vrier et octobre 2020, les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s entre les sexes\u00a0en mati\u00e8re d\u2019emploi se sont creus\u00e9es principalement parce que les secteurs domin\u00e9s par les femmes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 touch\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on plus disproportionn\u00e9e par la pand\u00e9mie. Les fermetures d\u2019\u00e9coles et les restrictions en mati\u00e8re de garde d\u2019enfants ont \u00e9galement creus\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9cart.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Cependant, \u00e0 mesure que les restrictions se sont att\u00e9nu\u00e9es, que les \u00e9coles ont rouvert leurs portes et que les possibilit\u00e9s\u00a0de garde d\u2019enfants\u00a0se\u00a0sont\u00a0g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9es, l\u2019\u00e9cart entre les sexes\u00a0en mati\u00e8re d\u2019emploi\u00a0s\u2019est r\u00e9duit. Pourtant, des facteurs\u00a0essentiels\u00a0peuvent entraver les progr\u00e8s r\u00e9cents, notamment la fermeture d\u2019\u00e9coles pendant le d\u00e9ploiement du vaccin et la r\u00e9duction de la capacit\u00e9 globale du\u00a0secteur de la garde d\u2019enfants.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Ce document souligne qu\u2019un syst\u00e8me de garde d\u2019enfants solide et abordable,\u00a0qui accorde la priorit\u00e9 aux services de garde apr\u00e8s l\u2019\u00e9cole sera essentiel pour la reprise. Le conflit continu entre l\u2019emploi et les\u00a0services de garde d\u2019enfants, conjugu\u00e9 \u00e0 la hausse des cas de COVID-19, fait ressortir la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019adopter une optique\u00a0intersectionnelle\u00a0pour \u00e9valuer les r\u00e9percussions de la pand\u00e9mie.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Fuller, S., & Qian, Y. (2021, March 19). COVID-19 and the gender gap in employment among parents of young children in Canada. Gender & Society, 35(2), 206\u2013217.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/08912432211001287\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/08912432211001287\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" lang=\"EN-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW106118013 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW106118013 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"x_msonormal\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;93781981-49f3-4c7a-aeb6-4633ab719875|26&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[134233614,&quot;true&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,335551547,&quot;4105&quot;,335559705,&quot;4105&quot;,335559739,&quot;0&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,469769226,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469775450,&quot;x_msonormal&quot;,469777841,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777842,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777843,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469777844,&quot;Calibri&quot;,469778129,&quot;xmsonormal&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\">Key Takeaway<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span data-contrast=\"auto\" xml:lang=\"EN-CA\" lang=\"EN-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW106118013 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW106118013 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"x_msonormal\"><strong>:<\/strong><em> Gender inequalities\u00a0<\/em><\/span><em><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW106118013 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"x_msonormal\">in\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW106118013 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"x_msonormal\">employment\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW106118013 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"x_msonormal\">increased\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW106118013 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"x_msonormal\">for women<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW106118013 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"x_msonormal\">\u00a0during the pandemic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW106118013 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"x_msonormal\">. With<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW106118013 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"x_msonormal\">\u00a0re-opening<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW106118013 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"x_msonormal\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW106118013 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"x_msonormal\">\u00a0the gap decreased but certain challenges persist.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/span><em><span class=\"EOP SCXW106118013 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This research explores the social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender and class equity. The authors find that between February and October\u00a02020,\u00a0gender inequalities in employment widened primarily because female-dominated sectors were more disproportionately impacted by the pandemic. School closures and childcare restrictions also widened the gap.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">However, as restrictions\u00a0eased, re-opening occurred and childcare options became widely available, the gender employment gap reduced. Yet,\u00a0vital factors\u00a0may\u00a0hinder recent\u00a0progress,\u00a0including\u00a0school closures during vaccine rollout\u00a0and\u00a0reduced overall capacity in the childcare sector.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The paper emphasizes that\u00a0a\u00a0strong\u00a0and affordable childcare system that\u00a0prioritizes after-school care will be critical for recovery. The ongoing conflict between employment and care,\u00a0along\u00a0with rising COVID-19 cases, highlights the need for an intersectional lens when assessing pandemic impacts.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Tam, S., Sood, S., & Johnston, C. (2021, March 10). Impact of COVID-19 on small businesses in Canada, first quarter of 2021. StatCan COVID-19: Data to Insights for a Better Canada. Catalogue no. 45280001. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00009-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00009-eng.pdf?st=Q2wHt-4Q\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key Takeaway<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">S<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">mall businesses are not <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">yet <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">expected to see a sharp increase in profitability<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> nor<\/span><\/i> <i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the ability to hire more employees<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\/<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">adopt technologies<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">is<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">analysis covers how C<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">OVID<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">-19 negatively impacted small businesses across Canada. Following the onset of the pandemic, Canada experienced a drastic drop in its real gross domestic product (GDP), with the economy contracting 18.2% between March and April 2020. From mid-January to mid-February<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> 2021<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, Statistics Canada conducted the Canadian Survey on Business Conditions<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> which showed that smaller businesses expected more significant impacts, such as a decrease in profitability and sales. Despite making 50% or more of their total sales online, small businesses are not expected to see a sharp increase in profitability nor the ability to hire more employees. Compared to much bigger organizations, small businesses are also not going to be able to adopt technologies such as collaboration tools and cloud solutions, which will render them less competitive<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This bleak outlook has the potential to affect the whole economy, given that small businesses make up 98% of all employer businesses in Canada.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Tam, S., Sood, S., et Johnston, C. (2021, 10 mars). Les r\u00e9percussions de la COVID-19 sur les petites entreprises au Canada, premier trimestre de 2021. StatCan et la COVID-19\u202f: Des donn\u00e9es aux connaissances, pour b\u00e2tir un Canada meilleur. No au catalogue\u202f45280001. Ottawa (Ontario)\u202f: Statistique Canada, Gouvernement du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00009-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2021001\/article\/00009-fra.pdf?st=Q2wHt-4Q\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/span><\/span><\/b> <i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">On ne s\u2019attend pas encore \u00e0 ce que les petites entreprises <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">connaissent une forte <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">augmentation de leur rentabilit\u00e9, ni <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00e0 ce qu\u2019elles puissent embaucher plus d\u2019employ\u00e9s ou adopter des technologies<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Cette analyse porte sur les r\u00e9percussions n\u00e9gatives de la COVID-19 sur les petites entreprises <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">partout au Canada. Apr\u00e8s le<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> d\u00e9but de la pand\u00e9mie, le Canada a connu une chute radicale de son produit int\u00e9rieur brut (PIB) r\u00e9el, l\u2019\u00e9conomie se <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">contractant<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> de 18,2<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">% entre mars et avril 2020. De la mi-janvier \u00e0 la mi-f\u00e9vrier<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2021, Statistique Canada a m<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">en\u00e9 l\u2019<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Enqu\u00eate canadienne sur la situation<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> des entreprises<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, qui a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que les petites entreprises s\u2019attendaient \u00e0 des r\u00e9percussions plus importantes, comme une baisse de la rentabilit\u00e9 et des ventes. M\u00eame si elles r\u00e9alisent 50<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">% ou plus de leurs ventes totales en ligne, les petites e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ntreprises ne devraient pas conna\u00eetre<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> une <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">forte <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">augmentation <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">de leur <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rentabilit\u00e9 ni la capac<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">it\u00e9 d\u2019embaucher davantage<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> d\u2019employ\u00e9s. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Par rapport <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00e0 des organisations beaucoup plus grandes, les petites entreprises ne <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">seront pas non plus en mesure d\u2019<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">adopter des technologies comme des outils de collaboration et des solutions infonuagiques, ce qui les rendra moins concurrentielles. Ces sombres perspectives pourraient avoir une incidence sur l\u2019ensemble de l\u2019\u00e9conomie, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que les petites entreprises repr\u00e9sentent 98<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">% de l\u2019ensemble des entreprises <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">avec employ\u00e9s <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">au Canada<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Rosenbaum, Z., Betsis, L., & Amery, B. (2021, March 8). Women in recessions: What makes COVID-19 different? LMI Insight Report no. 39. Ottawa, ON: Labour Market Information Council.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/publications-all\/lmi-insight-report-no-39\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key <\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Takeaway<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">:\u00a0 <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Women <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">have been<\/span><\/i> <i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">disproportionately impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic and have experienced <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">slower recovery than men.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Women <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">have <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">faced a disproportionate impact <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">from COVID-19 on several fronts. First, women<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> are overrepresented in some of the hardest-hit sectors, such as retail and accommodation and food services, that rely on face-to-face contact. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Second, o<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ther <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">employment vulnerabilities were also exposed by the pandemic. Women represent 58% of employment in low-income earning occupations and have suffered a larger loss of employment than their male counterparts. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Third, t<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">he impact on working mothers has <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">also <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">been difficult even for those who retained their jobs. Their average hours worked fell steeply, particularly for mothers with young children, during the initial wave of the pandemic in the spring of 2020.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Rosenbaum, Z., Betsis, L., et Amery, B. (2021, 8 mars). Les femmes en r\u00e9cession\u202f: En quoi la COVID-19 est-elle diff\u00e9rente? Rapport de perspectives de l\u2019IMT no\u202f39. Ottawa (Ontario)\u202f: Conseil de l\u2019information sur le march\u00e9 du travail.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/fr\/des-publications\/rapport-de-perspectives-de-limt-n-39\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales : <\/span><\/span><\/b>Les femmes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 touch\u00e9es de fa\u00e7on disproportionn\u00e9e pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 et ont connu une reprise plus lente que les hommes.<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les femmes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 touch\u00e9es de fa\u00e7on disproportionn\u00e9e par la COVID-19 sur plusieurs fronts. Premi\u00e8rement, les femmes sont surrepr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans certains des secteurs les plus durement touch\u00e9s,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> comme le commerce de d\u00e9tail, les services d\u2019<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">h\u00e9bergement et <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">de restauration<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, qui <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">reposent sur le<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> contact en personne. Deuxi\u00e8mement, d\u2019autres vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019emploi ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 expos\u00e9es par la pand\u00e9mie. Les femmes repr\u00e9sentent 58<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">% de<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">emploi<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> dans les professions \u00e0 faible revenu et ont subi une perte d\u2019emploi plus importante que leurs homologues masculins. Troisi\u00e8mement, l<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">es cons\u00e9quences sur les m\u00e8res qui travaillent ont<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 difficile<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, m\u00eame pour celles qui ont conserv\u00e9 leur emploi. Le nombre moyen d\u2019heures travaill\u00e9es a fortement diminu\u00e9, en particulier pour les m\u00e8res ayant de jeunes enfants, pendant la premi\u00e8re vague de la pand\u00e9mie au printemps<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2020<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Koebel, K., Pohler, D., Gomez, R., & Mohan, A. (2021, March 2). Public policy in a time of crisis: A framework for evaluating Canada\u2019s COVID-19 income support programs. Canadian Public Policy.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-117\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-117\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key Takeaway<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Balancing efficiency, equity and voice should be the main objective of income support programs in the time of COVID-19 and beyond.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This study evaluates <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Canadian<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">income support programs introduced for workers during the first wave of COVID-19, specifically the Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB) and the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy (CEWS<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">The study uses<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> a framework that proposes balancing efficiency, equity and voice (EEV) as the main objective of crisis labour market policies. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">T<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">he authors <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">argue<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> that a targeted basic universal income in addition to employment insurance (EI) would have achieved the optimal balance between the three EEV objectives <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">better than the combination of the CERB\/CEWS.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Koebel, K., Pohler, D., Gomez, R., et Mohan, A. (2021, 2 mars). Public policy in a time of crisis: A framework for evaluating Canada\u2019s COVID-19 income support programs. Canadian Public Policy\/Analyse de politiques.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-117\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-117\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/span><\/span><\/b> <i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">L\u2019\u00e9quilibre entre l\u2019efficience, l\u2019\u00e9quit\u00e9 et la voix devrait \u00eatre l\u2019objectif principal des programmes de soutien du revenu en cette p\u00e9riode de COVID-19 et au-del\u00e0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Cette \u00e9tude \u00e9value les programmes canadiens de soutien du revenu mis en <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">place<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> pour les travailleurs au cours de la premi\u00e8re vague de la COVID-19, plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment la Prestation canadienne d\u2019urgence (PCU) et la Subvention salariale d\u2019urgence du Canada (SSUC). L\u2019\u00e9tude utilise un cadre qui propose d\u2019\u00e9quilibrer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9, l\u2019\u00e9quit\u00e9 et la voix (E<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">EV)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> comme objectif principal des politiques de crise du march\u00e9 du travail. Les auteurs soutiennent qu\u2019un revenu universel de base cibl\u00e9 en plus de l\u2019assurance-emploi (AE) aurait permis d\u2019atteindre l\u2019\u00e9quilibre optimal entre les trois objectifs de l<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2019EEV<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, mieux que la combinaison de la PCU et de la SSUC<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Messacar, D., Handler, T., & Frenette, M. (2021, March 2). Predicted earnings losses from graduating during COVID-19. Canadian Public Policy.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.utpjournals.press\/doi\/abs\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-109\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-109\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key Takeaway<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Th<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">os<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">e<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> who graduate in<\/span><\/i> <i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2021 <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">can expect to lose <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">5<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2013<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">12% of total annual income that would have been earned <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">absence of <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the pandemic<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This paper explores how C<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">OVID-<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">19 and the lockdown imposed to stop the spread of the virus <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ha<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ve<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">resulted in a significant decline in the labour market prospect<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> of graduates otherwise poised to enter the market at a time when conditions were generally favourable. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">T<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">he authors predict that 2021 graduates will lose <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">between<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> 5% and 12% of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">total annual income that would have been earned had the pandemic not occurred<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. Additionally, the authors illustrate how <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">high school graduates <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">may be greatly impacted by the current economic crisis. In such uncertain times, the authors <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">advocate<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> for <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">long<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">&#8211;<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">term public measures such as job search assistance program<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> and facilitating access to post-secondary education. Such measures <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">would<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">assist <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the transition of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Canadians to occupations requiring higher education<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> which are far less likely to face a high-risk of job transformation due to automation in the future.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Messacar, D., Handler, T., et Frenette, M. (2021, 2 mars). Predicted earnings losses from graduating during COVID-19. Canadian Public Policy\/Analyse de politiques.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.utpjournals.press\/doi\/abs\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-109\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-109\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\"><\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"none\" xml:lang=\"FR-CA\" lang=\"FR-CA\" class=\"TextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61789736 BCX0\">Conclusions\u202f principales :<\/span><\/span><\/b> <i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">personnes qui obtiendront leur <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">dipl\u00f4me<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> en<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> 2021 peuvent s\u2019attendre \u00e0 perdre de 5 \u00e0<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> 12<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">% du revenu annuel total qu\u2019elles<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> aurai<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ent<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> gagn\u00e9 en l\u2019absence de la pand\u00e9mie<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Ce document explore la fa\u00e7on dont<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> la COVID-19 et le confinement impos\u00e9 pour arr\u00eater la propagation du virus ont entra\u00een\u00e9 une baisse importante des perspectives d\u2019emploi des <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">titulaires de dipl\u00f4me<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> qui, autrement, \u00e9taient pr\u00eats \u00e0 entrer sur le march\u00e9 \u00e0 un moment o\u00f9 les conditions \u00e9taient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement favorables. Les auteurs pr\u00e9disent que les dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s de 2021 perdront entre 5<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">% et 12<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">% du revenu annuel total qui aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 gagn\u00e9 si la pand\u00e9mie n\u2019avait pas eu lieu. De plus, les auteurs illustrent comment les dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s du secondaire peuvent \u00eatre grandement touch\u00e9s par la crise \u00e9conomique actuelle. En cette p\u00e9riode d\u2019incertitude, les auteurs pr\u00e9conisent des mesures publiques \u00e0 long terme comme des programmes d\u2019aide \u00e0 la recherche d\u2019emploi et la facilitation de l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux \u00e9tudes postsecondaires. De telles mesures faciliteraient la transition des Canadiens <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">et des Canadiennes <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">vers des professions exigeant des \u00e9tudes sup\u00e9rieures, qui sont beaucoup moins susceptibles de faire face \u00e0 un risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 de transformation de<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">emploi<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> en raison de l\u2019automatisation \u00e0 l\u2019avenir.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>International Labour Organization. (2021, February 17). The youth and COVID-19: Access to decent jobs amid the pandemic. Ankara, Turkey: ILO.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/ankara\/publications\/research-papers\/WCMS_771428\/lang--en\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---europe\/---ro-geneva\/---ilo-ankara\/documents\/publication\/wcms_771428.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key Takeaway<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A<\/span><\/i> <i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">h<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">igh <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rate of <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">you<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">th<\/span><\/i> <i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">not in employment, education or training<\/span><\/i> <i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">has psychological and sociological implications<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> as well as financial ones<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This research explores the impact of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">COVID-<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">19 on youth <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> host and refugee communities in Turkey. Using qualitative and quantitative <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">data collected<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">from 15 May to<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">10 August 2020, the report focuses on <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">youth<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> \u201cnot in employment, education or training (NEET)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u201d <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The report argues that<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">a <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">high rate of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">youth<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> with NEET status cannot be <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">categori<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">z<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ed <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">only as a financial problem<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">The<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> psychological and sociological implications<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> extend<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">not only <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">to<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">youth but also <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">to<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">the entire society. Additionally, the report highlights how <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">COVID-<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">19 has exacerbated an economic crisis <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">that will<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> negatively impact refugees and women for years to come. To address these issues, the report recommends recognizing free<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> quality education as a human right, monitoring school attendance to decrease drop-out rates, implementing an education-first approach and enabling comprehensive programs such as Youth Guarantees <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">that are <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">needed to re<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">&#8211;<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">engage <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">NEET<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> youth<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">in employment.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Organisation internationale du Travail. (2021, 17 f\u00e9vrier). The youth and COVID-19: Access to decent jobs amid the pandemic. Ankara, Turquie\u202f: OIT.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/ankara\/publications\/research-papers\/WCMS_771428\/lang--en\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---europe\/---ro-geneva\/---ilo-ankara\/documents\/publication\/wcms_771428.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Conclusions<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202f principales <\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><\/b> <i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Un tau<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">x \u00e9lev\u00e9 de jeunes <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">qui ne sont ni en emploi, ni aux \u00e9tudes, ni en formation<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> entra\u00eene des cons\u00e9quences <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">psychologiques et sociologiques ainsi que <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">des cons\u00e9quences <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">financi\u00e8res<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Cette recherche explore les r\u00e9percussions<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> de la COVID-19 sur les jeunes des communaut\u00e9s d\u2019accueil et de r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s en Turquie. \u00c0 l\u2019aide de donn\u00e9es qualitatives et quantitatives recueillies du 15 mai au 10 ao\u00fbt 2020, le rapport met l\u2019accent sur les jeunes \u00ab<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2009<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">qui ne sont <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ni en emploi, ni aux<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> \u00e9tudes, ni en formation (NEEF)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2009<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00bb. Le rapport soutient qu\u2019un taux \u00e9l<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ev\u00e9 de jeunes ayant le statut<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">NEEF<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> ne peut <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">pas <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00eatre cat\u00e9goris\u00e9 uniquement comme un probl\u00e8me financier. Les <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">cons\u00e9quences<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> psychologiques et sociologiques s\u2019\u00e9tendent non seulement aux jeunes mais aussi \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. De plus, le rapport souligne comment la COVID-19 a exacerb\u00e9 une crise \u00e9conomique qui aura des r\u00e9percussions n\u00e9gatives sur les r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s et les femmes pour les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir. Pour r\u00e9<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">soudre<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> ces probl\u00e8mes, le rapport recommande de reconna\u00eetre l\u2019\u00e9ducation gratuite et de qualit\u00e9 comme un droit de la personne, de <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">contr\u00f4ler <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">la fr\u00e9quentation scolaire afin de r\u00e9duire les taux de d\u00e9crochage, de mettre en \u0153uvre une approche ax\u00e9e sur l\u2019\u00e9<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ducation d\u2019abord et de mettre en place<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> des programmes complets comme les garanties pour les jeune<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s qui sont n\u00e9cessaires pour faire participer les jeunes NEEF<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> \u00e0 l\u2019emploi<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Hogarth, T. (2021, February). COVID-19 and the demand for labour and skills in Europe: Early evidence and implications for migration policy. Brussels, Belgium: Migration Policy Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/research\/covid-19-labor-skills-europe-migration-policy\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/mpie-hogarth_covid19-labour-final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key Takeaway<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Policy makers need to ensure that the economic downturn will not undo the progress made <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">in<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> address<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ing<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> labour challenges in Europe<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This paper explores how C<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">OVID-<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">19 will make it harder to address the pervasive skills and labour challenges <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">that <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">the European Union<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">was already facing before the pandemic hit. Failure to sufficiently invest in skills during these trouble<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">d<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> times may have implications for how quickly European economies will recover. Investing in building the skills of resident workers<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> as well as those migrating into Europe<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> will likely continue to play a role in meeting labour market needs. The author emphasize<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> that policy makers <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">must<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> ensure that the economic downturn will not undo progress made in the recent past. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> transparent system <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">is required<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> to indicate where there are needs and why immigration is the right tool to meet them. European success will hinge on migrants\u2019 successful labour market integration and participation in the labour force.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Hogarth, T. (2021, f\u00e9vrier). COVID-19 and the demand for labour and skills in Europe: Early evidence and implications for migration policy. Bruxelles, Belgique\u202f: Migration Policy Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/research\/covid-19-labor-skills-europe-migration-policy\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/mpie-hogarth_covid19-labour-final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Conclusions<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202f principales <\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><\/b> <i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les d\u00e9cideurs doivent <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">s\u2019assurer <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">que le ralentissement \u00e9conomique n<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">e r\u00e9duira <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">pas <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00e0 n\u00e9ant <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">les progr\u00e8s r\u00e9alis\u00e9s <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">dans la r\u00e9solution des probl\u00e8mes li\u00e9s \u00e0 la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> en Europe<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Ce document explore comment la COVID-19 rendra plus difficile la r\u00e9solution des probl\u00e8mes omnipr\u00e9sents de comp\u00e9tences et de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre auxquels l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 confront\u00e9e avant la pand\u00e9mie. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Si l\u2019on n\u2019investit pas <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">suffisamment dans les comp\u00e9tences en cette p\u00e9riode troubl\u00e9e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, cela <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">peut avoir des <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">cons\u00e9quences<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> sur la <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rapidit\u00e9 de la reprise des <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00e9conomies europ\u00e9ennes. Les investissements dans le renforcement des comp\u00e9tences des travailleurs r\u00e9sidents, ainsi que de ceux qui migrent vers l\u2019Europe, continueront probablement \u00e0 jouer un r\u00f4le dans la satisfaction des besoins du march\u00e9 du travail. L\u2019auteur souligne que les d\u00e9cideurs <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">politiques <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">doivent veiller \u00e0 ce que le ralen<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">tissement \u00e9conomique ne r\u00e9duise pas \u00e0 n\u00e9ant les progr\u00e8s r\u00e9alis\u00e9s dans un<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> pass\u00e9 r\u00e9cent<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Un syst\u00e8me transparent est n\u00e9cessaire pour indiquer o\u00f9 <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">se situent les <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">besoins et pourquoi l\u2019immigration est <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">le bon outil pour y r\u00e9pondre. La r\u00e9ussite<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> de l\u2019Europe d\u00e9pendra de l<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2019int\u00e9gration r\u00e9ussie <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">des migrants sur le march\u00e9 du travail et de leur participation \u00e0 la population active<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Jenkins, F. et J. Smith. (2021, 7 janvier). \u00ab Work-from-home during COVID-19: Accounting for the care economy to build back better \u00bb. The Economic and Labour Relations Review.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1035304620983608\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Le t\u00e9l\u00e9travail a \u00e9t\u00e9 salu\u00e9 comme une solution \u00e0 court terme pour freiner la propagation de la COVID-19. Cependant, en agissant comme si le domicile d\u2019un employ\u00e9 \u00e9tait une ressource \u00e0 co\u00fbt nul que l\u2019on pouvait s\u2019approprier en cas d\u2019urgence, on fait fi du fonctionnement du domicile, un lieu de pratiques sexosp\u00e9cifiques en mati\u00e8re de garde d\u2019enfants et de travail. Le fardeau in\u00e9gal associ\u00e9 \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie a \u00e9t\u00e9 minimis\u00e9, les employeurs se pr\u00e9sentant souvent comme flexibles, sans tenir compte du fait qu\u2019ils demandaient d\u00e9sormais l\u2019usage de cet espace autrefois personnel. Les auteures soutiennent que le domicile est devenu la base de la reprise \u00e9conomique, et que les nouvelles politiques devraient le refl\u00e9ter. Mieux reb\u00e2tir n\u00e9cessiterait des programmes d\u2019investissement rapide et \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle visant \u00e0 adapter les habitations, les quartiers, les centres de d\u00e9tail locaux et les r\u00e9gions aux nouvelles demandes, plus importantes, qu\u2019on leur impose.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Jenkins, F., & Smith, J. (2021, January 7). Work-from-home during COVID-19: Accounting for the care economy to build back better. The Economic and Labour Relations Review.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1035304620983608\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Work-from-home has been hailed as a short-term solution to stop the spread of COVID-19. However, acting as if an employee\u2019s home is a cost-less resource, free for appropriation in an emergency, ignores how the home functions as a site of gendered relations of care and labour. The uneven burden of dealing with this pandemic has been downplayed, with employers tending to depict themselves as flexible rather than as demanding the use of this once-personal space. The authors argue that home has become a backbone of economic recovery and new policies should reflect that. Building back better would require programs for rapid, small-scale investments to adapt dwellings, neighbourhoods, local retail centres and localities to these new, more intensive demands on them.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Bonen, T. et M. Oschinski. (2021, 6 janvier). \u00ab Mapping Canada\u2019s training ecosystem: Much needed and long overdue \u00bb. IRPP Insight, vol. 34, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Institut de recherche en politiques publiques.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/irpp.org\/fr\/research-studies\/mapping-canadas-training-ecosystem-much-needed-and-long-overdue\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Mapping-Canada%E2%80%99s-Training-Ecosystem-Much-Needed-and-Long-Overdue.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><span>(en anglais seulement)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Selon les auteurs de cet article, le Canada a besoin d\u2019un syst\u00e8me d\u2019information complet qui associe les comp\u00e9tences acquises dans les programmes de formation et d\u2019\u00e9tudes aux comp\u00e9tences recherch\u00e9es sur le march\u00e9 de l\u2019emploi. Un tel syst\u00e8me devrait comporter les composantes interd\u00e9pendantes suivantes\u00a0: 1)\u00a0base de donn\u00e9es sur les programmes et prestataires de formation et de services \u00e9ducatifs; 2)\u00a0syst\u00e8me de classification des comp\u00e9tences et d\u2019autres exigences professionnelles qui refl\u00e8te bien la mani\u00e8re dont les personnes \u00e0 la recherche d\u2019un emploi et les employeurs parlent des comp\u00e9tences; 3)\u00a0mani\u00e8re d\u2019associer la base de donn\u00e9es sur la formation aux comp\u00e9tences et aux autres exigences professionnelles. Les auteurs soutiennent que ces trois composantes devraient orienter la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un d\u00e9p\u00f4t de donn\u00e9es que l\u2019on tiendrait \u00e0 jour gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la r\u00e9troaction constante des utilisateurs. Ils ajoutent toutefois que la conception et la mise en \u0153uvre de chacune de ces composantes repr\u00e9sentent un d\u00e9fi de taille qui demanderait une collaboration entre les employeurs, les prestataires de formation et les organismes gouvernementaux, \u00e0 tous les \u00e9chelons. Quoi qu\u2019il en soit, les auteurs jugent que cet effort sera payant \u00e0 long terme et permettra de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des donn\u00e9es exploitables sur les options en mati\u00e8re d\u2019emploi dont disposent les travailleurs, tout en associant ces donn\u00e9es aux emplois en demande.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Bonen, T., & Oschinski, M. (2021, January 6). Mapping Canada\u2019s training ecosystem: Much needed and long overdue. IRPP Insight, 34. Montreal, QC: Institute for Research on Public Policy.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/irpp.org\/research-studies\/mapping-canadas-training-ecosystem-much-needed-and-long-overdue\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/irpp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Mapping-Canada%E2%80%99s-Training-Ecosystem-Much-Needed-and-Long-Overdue.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span>The authors argue that Canada needs a comprehensive information system that links the skills acquired through training and education programs to those sought in the job market. This system should have the following interlocking components: 1) a database of training and education programs and providers; 2) a classification system of skills and other job requirements that reflects how job seekers and employers talk about skills; and 3) a way to link the training database to skills and other work requirements. They propose these three components should guide the creation of a data repository that is kept up to date with constant user feedback. They note, however, that designing and implementing each of these components is a massive undertaking requiring collaboration between employers, training providers and government agencies at all levels. Nevertheless, they argue that this effort will pay off in the long term and lead to actionable data on the training options available to workers, while linking those data to in-demand jobs.<\/span><span><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Como, R., Hambley, L., & Domene, J. (2021, January). An exploration of work\u2013life wellness and remote work during and beyond COVID-19. Canadian Journal of Career Development, 20(1), 46\u201356.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/cjcd-rcdc.ceric.ca\/index.php\/cjcd\/article\/view\/92\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/cjcd-rcdc.ceric.ca\/index.php\/cjcd\/article\/view\/92\/109\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Key Takeaway<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Organizations and employees will need continued support to find suitable remote work arrangements beyond the pandemic.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The paper reviews literature on COVID-19, remote work and work<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2013<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">life wellness<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">It concludes that <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">th<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">e<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">work<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2013<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">life wellness of remote workers <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">may<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">be impacted by <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">a<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">lack of organizational support during the transition to remote work, combined with COVID-19 related stress<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">es<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Al<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">though remote workers had slightly higher job satisfaction and lower stress compared to traditional workers, their wellness could be impacted by overwork and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">by <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">work interfering with personal life. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">C<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">areer development practitioners can help clients by being aware of how home dynamics, COVID<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">-19<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> stress and overwork <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">can<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"auto\">complicate the transition to remote work. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">O<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">rganizations and employees will need continued support to find the best-suited remote work scenarios during and beyond the pandemic.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Como, R., Hambley, L., et Domene, J. (2021, janvier). An exploration of work\u2013life wellness and remote work during and beyond COVID-19. La revue canadienne de d\u00e9veloppement de carri\u00e8re, Vol.\u202f20 No\u202f1 (2021), p.\u202f46 \u00e0 56.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/cjcd-rcdc.ceric.ca\/index.php\/cjcd\/article\/view\/92\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/cjcd-rcdc.ceric.ca\/index.php\/cjcd\/article\/view\/92\/109\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Conclusions<\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u202f principales <\/span><\/b><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><\/b> <i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Les organisations et les employ\u00e9s auront besoin d\u2019un so<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">utien continu pour trouver des modalit\u00e9s <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">de travail \u00e0 distance appropri\u00e9<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">es<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> a<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">pr\u00e8s <\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">la pand\u00e9mie<\/span><\/i><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><\/i><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Le document examine la documentation sur la COVID-19, le travail \u00e0 distance et le <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">bien<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">-\u00eatre au travail et dans la vie p<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">riv\u00e9e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. Il conclut que le bien-\u00eatre au travail et <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">dans <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">la vie p<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">riv\u00e9e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> des travailleurs \u00e0 distance peuvent \u00eatre <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">touch\u00e9s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> par un manque de soutien organisationnel pendant la transition vers le<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> travail \u00e0 distance, combin\u00e9 au stress li\u00e9<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> \u00e0 la COVID-19. Bien que les travailleurs \u00e0 distance soient l\u00e9g\u00e8rement plus satisfaits de leur travail et moins stress\u00e9s que les travailleurs traditionnels, leur bien-\u00eatre pourrait \u00eatre affect\u00e9 par le surmenage e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">t l\u2019interf\u00e9rence du travail dans<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> la vie p<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">riv\u00e9e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. Les <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">professionnels en d\u00e9veloppement de carri\u00e8re<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> peuvent aider les clients en \u00e9tant conscients<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> de la fa\u00e7on dont la dynamique familiale<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">, le stress li\u00e9 \u00e0 la COVID-19 et le surmenage peuvent compliquer la transition vers le travail \u00e0 distance. Les organisations et les employ\u00e9s auront besoin d\u2019un soutien continu pour trouver les sc\u00e9narios de travail \u00e0 distance <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">les mieux adapt\u00e9s <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">pendant et apr\u00e8s la pand\u00e9mie.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Helliwell, J. F., G. Schellenberg et J. Fonberg. (2020, 21 d\u00e9cembre). \u00ab La pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 et la satisfaction \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la vie au Canada \u00bb. StatCan et la COVID-19 : Des donn\u00e9es aux connaissances, pour b\u00e2tir un Canada meilleur, no de catalogue 45280001, Ottawa, Ontario, Statistique Canada, Gouvernement du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00093-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00093-fra.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span>Au moyen d\u2019\u00e9chantillons repr\u00e9sentatifs de la population utilis\u00e9s dans le cadre de l\u2019Enqu\u00eate sur la sant\u00e9 dans les collectivit\u00e9s canadiennes (ESCC) de 2018 et de l\u2019enqu\u00eate de juin\u00a02020 de la S\u00e9rie d\u2019enqu\u00eates sur les perspectives canadiennes (SEPC), cette \u00e9tude compare la satisfaction \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la vie des Canadiens avant et pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19. On a constat\u00e9 que la satisfaction moyenne \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la vie chez les Canadiens \u00e9tait pass\u00e9e de 8,09 sur l\u2019\u00e9chelle de 0 \u00e0 10 en 2018 \u00e0 6,71 en 2020, soit une baisse de 1,38\u00a0point. Il s\u2019agit du niveau de satisfaction \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la vie le plus bas observ\u00e9 au Canada au cours de la p\u00e9riode allant de 2003 \u00e0 2020, p\u00e9riode pour laquelle il existe des donn\u00e9es comparables. Selon l\u2019\u00e9tude, entre 2018 et 2020, la proportion des Canadiens ayant donn\u00e9 une cote de 8 ou plus sur l\u2019\u00e9chelle de la satisfaction \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la vie a baiss\u00e9, passant de 72\u00a0% \u00e0 40\u00a0% pendant cette p\u00e9riode, alors que la proportion des Canadiens ayant donn\u00e9 une cote de 6 ou moins en ce qui concerne la satisfaction \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la vie a augment\u00e9, passant de 12\u00a0% \u00e0 40\u00a0%. <\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Helliwell, J. F., Schellenberg, G., & Fonberg, J. (2020, December 21). The COVID-19 pandemic and life satisfaction in Canada. StatCan COVID-19: Data to Insights for a Better Canada. Catalogue no. 45280001. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00093-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00093-eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This study compares the life satisfaction of Canadians before and during the COVID\u201119 pandemic using population-representative samples from the 2018 Canadian Community Health Survey and the June 2020 Canadian Perspectives Survey Series. It finds that the average life satisfaction among Canadians declined by 1.38 points, from 8.09 on the 0\u201310 scale in 2018 to 6.71 in 2020. This is the lowest level of life satisfaction observed in Canada over the 2003\u20132020 period for which comparable data are available. The study finds that from 2018 to 2020, the share of Canadians rating their life satisfaction as 8 or above fell from 72% to 40%, while the share rating their life satisfaction as 6 or below increased from 12% to 40%.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Prokopenko, E. et C. Kevins. (2020, 15 d\u00e9cembre). \u00ab Vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s li\u00e9es \u00e0 la COVID-19 chez les Canadiens et les Canadiennes LGBTQ2+ \u00bb. StatCan et la COVID-19 : Des donn\u00e9es aux connaissances, pour b\u00e2tir un Canada meilleur, no de catalogue 45280001, Ottawa, Ontario, Statistique Canada, Gouvernement du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00075-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/fr\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00075-fra.pdf?st=ild4Xj2X\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span>Comme il n\u2019existe pas encore d\u2019ensemble de donn\u00e9es portant sp\u00e9cialement sur ce que vivent les Canadiens et Canadiennes LGBTQ2S+ pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID<\/span>\u2011<span>19, cet article permet d\u2019explorer les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s en mati\u00e8re de revenu, de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re et d\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 li\u00e9e au logement entre les personnes LGBTQ2S+ et le reste de la population qui pr\u00e9valaient avant la pand\u00e9mie et qui pourraient \u00eatre exacerb\u00e9es par celle-ci. Ces in\u00e9galit\u00e9s tiennent entre autres au fait que les Canadiens et Canadiennes <\/span><span>LGBTQ2S+ ont un plus faible revenu, ce qui s\u2019explique en partie par le fait qu\u2019ils sont en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral plus jeunes, moins susceptibles de s\u2019identifier en tant qu\u2019hommes et pr\u00e9sentent un plus grand risque de perte d\u2019emploi<\/span><span>. Les Canadiens et Canadiennes <\/span><span>LGBTQ2S+ sont \u00e9galement plus susceptibles de conna\u00eetre une situation d\u2019itin\u00e9rance au cours de leur vie, sous une forme ou une autre. L\u2019article laisse croire que ce risque d\u2019itin\u00e9rance peut \u00eatre attribuable au fait que les Canadiens et Canadiennes<\/span> <span>LGBTQ2S+ sont plus souvent rejet\u00e9s du foyer parental et n\u2019ont d\u2019autre choix que d\u2019habiter chez d\u2019autres membres de leur famille ou chez des amis.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Prokopenko, E., & Kevins, C. (2020, December 15). Vulnerabilities related to COVID-19 among LGBTQ2+ Canadians. StatCan COVID-19: Data to Insights for a Better Canada. Catalogue no. 45280001. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00075-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00075-eng.pdf?st=el-VZIXY\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span>As there is not yet a dataset focused on LGBTQ2S+ Canadians during the COVID\u201119 pandemic, this article explores the inequalities in income, financial security and housing insecurity between LGBTQ2S+ and non\u2011LGBTQ2S+ Canadians that existed prior to the pandemic and could be exacerbated by it. These inequalities include <\/span><span>LGBTQ2S+ Canadians having lower incomes, which<\/span><span> can partially be explained by <\/span><span>them<\/span><span> being younger, less likely to identify as male, and having a higher risk of job loss. <\/span><span>LGBTQ2S+ Canadians are also <\/span><span>more likely to <\/span><span>experience some type of homelessness or housing insecurity in their lifetime. <\/span><span>The article suggests that this might be impacted by <\/span><span>LGBTQ2S+ Canadians being more likely to be rejected from the parental home and be living <\/span><span>with family or friends for lack of other options.<\/span><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Tobin, S. et A. Sweetman. (2020, 14 d\u00e9cembre). IZA COVID-19 crisis response monitoring: Canada (November 2020), Bonn, Allemagne, Institut IZA d\u2019\u00e9conomie du travail.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/covid-19.iza.org\/crisis-monitor\/canada\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iza.org\/wc\/files\/downloads\/iza__crisismonitor_countryreport_ca_202011_2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><span>(en anglais seulement)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Les auteurs de cet article traitent des groupes les plus touch\u00e9s par la pand\u00e9mie au Canada et passent en revue l\u2019ensemble des mesures gouvernementales mises en place, en examinant notamment les questions li\u00e9es \u00e0 la viabilit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re. Ils soulignent notamment qu\u2019au pire de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 en mars et en avril\u00a02020, le Canada a perdu plus d\u2019emplois qu\u2019au cours des trois r\u00e9cessions pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes r\u00e9unies. La majeure partie des emplois perdus ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9s, mais les gains au chapitre de l\u2019emploi ont ralenti, ce qui est vrai encore aujourd\u2019hui, notamment chez les jeunes, les travailleurs \u00e0 faible revenu, les femmes et les travailleurs des secteurs les plus durement touch\u00e9s. Comme c\u2019est le cas dans bien d\u2019autres pays membres de l\u2019OCDE, la viabilit\u00e9 des finances publiques repose principalement sur des taux d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat qui demeurent bas et l\u2019assouplissement relativement rapide des mesures li\u00e9es \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie. L\u2019accroissement de la dette influera sur la capacit\u00e9 des gouvernements f\u00e9d\u00e9ral et provinciaux \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre les enjeux structurels majeurs d\u00e9j\u00e0 pr\u00e9sents avant la pand\u00e9mie, comme le vieillissement de la population et le changement climatique.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Tobin, S., & Sweetman, A. (2020, December 14). IZA COVID-19 crisis response monitoring: Canada (November 2020). Bonn, Germany: IZA Institute of Labor Economics.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/covid-19.iza.org\/crisis-monitor\/canada\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iza.org\/wc\/files\/downloads\/iza__crisismonitor_countryreport_ca_202011_2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The authors discuss the groups most impacted by the pandemic in Canada and review the suite of government measures introduced, including issues regarding fiscal viability. In particular, the authors highlight that during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in March and April 2020, Canada lost more jobs than it had in the past three recessions combined. The labour market recovered most of those losses, but employment gains slowed and continued to weigh especially on youth, low-wage workers, women and workers in hard-hit industries. Like many other OECD countries, the ongoing sustainability of public finances depends primarily on interest rates remaining low and on phasing out pandemic-\u200brelated measures reasonably quickly. The increase in debt will affect the ability of Canadian federal and provincial governments to address major pre-COVID structural issues such as population aging and climate change.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Wyonch, R. (2020, 1 d\u00e9cembre). The next wave : Automation and Canada\u2019s labour market (La prochaine vague : L\u2019automatisation et le march\u00e9 du travail canadien). Commentaire no 585. Toronto (Ontario) : C.D. Howe Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/public-policy-research\/next-wave-automation-and-canada%E2%80%99s-labour-market\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/sites\/default\/files\/attachments\/research_papers\/mixed\/Commentary_585_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 l\u2019aide des donn\u00e9es de Statistique Canada, l\u2019auteur estime que seulement 22 % des emplois sont \u00e0 haut risque en raison de l\u2019automatisation. Des recherches ant\u00e9rieures surestiment \u00e0 42 % le risque de perte d\u2019emploi attribuable \u00e0 l\u2019automatisation. Les secteurs de l\u2019agriculture, des ressources naturelles, des services publics et de la fabrication pr\u00e9sentent un risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u2019automatisation par rapport aux secteurs de la sant\u00e9, du droit, de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et des services gouvernementaux. La recherche met en \u00e9vidence le fait que les groupes d\u00e9mographiques sous-repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s, comme les travailleurs noirs et autochtones, sont plus susceptibles de perdre leur emploi \u00e0 cause de l\u2019automatisation que les hommes, les femmes et les immigrants. L\u2019analyse recommande \u00e9galement d\u2019investir dans la formation professionnelle et le soutien du revenu pour les ch\u00f4meurs et les travailleurs \u00e0 faible revenu qui se heurtent \u00e0 des lacunes dans la couverture de l\u2019assurance-emploi en raison de la perte d\u2019emploi attribuable \u00e0 l\u2019automatisation.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Wyonch, R. (2020, December 1). The next wave: Automation and Canada\u2019s labour market. Commentary No. 585. Toronto, ON: C.D. Howe Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/public-policy-research\/next-wave-automation-and-canada%E2%80%99s-labour-market\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/sites\/default\/files\/attachments\/research_papers\/mixed\/Commentary_585_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Using data from Statistics Canada, the author estimates that only 22% of employment is at high risk from automation. Past research overestimates job loss risk due to automation at 42%. The agriculture, natural resources, utilities and manufacturing sectors are at high risk of automation as compared to health, law, education and government services. The research highlights the fact that underrepresented demographic groups, such as Black and Indigenous workers, are more susceptible to these job losses through automation as compared to men, women, and immigrants. The analysis also recommends investment in job-training and income support for the unemployed and low-income earners facing coverage gaps in employment insurance due to job loss from automation.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Tam, S., Sood, S. et Johnston, C. (2020, 25 novembre). Les r\u00e9percussions de la COVID-19 sur les entreprises appartenant majoritairement \u00e0 des membres des minorit\u00e9s visibles, troisi\u00e8me trimestre de 2020. StatCan et la COVID-19 : Des donn\u00e9es aux connaissances, pour b\u00e2tir un Canada meilleur. Produit no 45280001 au catalogue de Statistique Canada, Ottawa (Ontario).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00090-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/fr\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00090-fra.pdf?st=gYXJ-6ju\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Le pr\u00e9sent rapport analyse l\u2019incidence disparate de la COVID-19 sur les entreprises appartenant majoritairement \u00e0 des membres des minorit\u00e9s visibles. Les r\u00e9sultats montrent que 24,7 % de ces entreprises ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une baisse de 40 % ou plus de leurs revenus en ao\u00fbt 2020 par rapport \u00e0 ceux d\u2019ao\u00fbt 2019, comparativement \u00e0 21,1 % pour l\u2019ensemble des entreprises au Canada. De plus, seulement le quart de ces entreprises ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 avoir la capacit\u00e9 de s\u2019endetter davantage, comparativement \u00e0 36,6 % pour l\u2019ensemble des entreprises. Le rapport souligne \u00e9galement que les entreprises appartenant majoritairement \u00e0 des membres des minorit\u00e9s visibles \u00e9taient plus susceptibles d\u2019obtenir un financement ou un cr\u00e9dit.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Tam, S., Sood, S., & Johnston, C. (2020, November 25). Impact of COVID-19 on businesses majority-owned by visible minorities, third quarter of 2020. StatCan COVID-19: Data to Insights for a Better Canada. Catalogue no. 45280001. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00090-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00090-eng.pdf?st=5ZPaeRuH\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This report analyzes the disparate impact of COVID-19 on businesses that are majority-owned by visible minorities. The findings show that 24.7% of these businesses reported a decrease of 40% or more in revenue in August 2020 compared to revenues in August 2019, compared to 21.1% of all businesses in Canada. In addition, only a quarter of these businesses reported that they had the ability to take on more debt, compared to 36.6% of all businesses. The report also highlights that businesses majority-owned by visible minorities were more likely to be approved for funding or credit.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Desjardins, D. et Freestone, C. (2020, 19 novembre). Les Canadiennes continuent de quitter la population active, Toronto (Ontario), Banque Royale du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/leadershipavise.rbc.com\/les-canadiennes-continuent-de-quitter-la-population-active\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ce rapport souligne que, m\u00eame si un plus grand nombre d\u2019hommes se joignent \u00e0 la population active, les Canadiennes continuent de s\u2019en retirer en raison de la COVID-19, ce qui risque d\u2019entra\u00eener une \u00e9rosion des comp\u00e9tences. Ce retrait peut \u00e0 son tour exacerber l\u2019\u00e9cart salarial entre les sexes. Selon le rapport, plus de 20\u2009000 femmes ont quitt\u00e9 la population active entre f\u00e9vrier et octobre 2020, principalement parce qu\u2019une plus grande partie de leurs emplois se trouvent dans les industries les plus durement touch\u00e9es et sont moins propices au travail \u00e0 distance. En comparaison, pr\u00e8s de 68\u2009000 hommes se sont joints \u00e0 la population active au cours de la m\u00eame p\u00e9riode. Le rapport r\u00e9v\u00e8le que les femmes de deux cohortes cl\u00e9s (les 20 \u00e0 24 ans et 35 \u00e0 39 ans) quittent la population active plus rapidement, les plus jeunes choisissant de retourner aux \u00e9tudes et les plus \u00e2g\u00e9es de s\u2019occuper de leurs enfants.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Desjardins, D., & Freestone, C. (2020, November 19). Canadian women continue to exit the labour force. Toronto, ON: Royal Bank of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/thoughtleadership.rbc.com\/canadian-women-continue-to-exit-the-labour-force\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This report highlights that even as more men join the workforce, Canadian women continue to retreat from it due to COVID-19, risking an erosion of skills. This may in turn exacerbate the gender wage gap. According to the report, more than 20,000 women fell out of the labour force between February and October 2020), mostly because more of their jobs are in the hardest-hit industries and are less conducive to working remotely. In comparison, nearly 68,000 men joined the labour force over the same period. The report reveals that women in two key cohorts (20\u201324 and 35\u201339) are exiting the labour force faster, with the younger cohort choosing to return to school and the older one opting to look after their children.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Gingrich, M. et Rowlinson, M. (2020, 5 novembre). Revitaliser l\u2019\u00e9conomie manufacturi\u00e8re du Canada en vue du monde de l\u2019apr\u00e8s-COVID, Ottawa (Ontario) : Forum des politiques publiques.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/ppforum.ca\/fr\/publications\/revitaliser-leconomie-manufacturiere-du-canada-en-vue-du-monde-de-lapres-covid\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/ppforum.ca\/fr\/publications\/revitaliser-leconomie-manufacturiere-du-canada-en-vue-du-monde-de-lapres-covid\/?output=PDF\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Les auteurs affirment que la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 a clairement d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que le Canada a besoin d\u2019un secteur manufacturier national fort pour produire ce dont il a besoin (c.-\u00e0-d. de l\u2019\u00e9quipement m\u00e9dical et de protection individuelle essentiel en temps de crise). Au cours des 20 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, le secteur manufacturier canadien a connu un d\u00e9clin marqu\u00e9, ce qui a entra\u00een\u00e9 une stagnation des salaires et une d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des importations. La solution propos\u00e9e dans le pr\u00e9sent rapport est simple : \u00e9laborer une strat\u00e9gie nationale de fabrication. En rapatriant les cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement, en d\u00e9finissant ce que signifie \u00ab\u2009Fabriqu\u00e9 au Canada\u2009\u00bb, en finan\u00e7ant de meilleurs programmes de formation et en investissant massivement dans la modernisation et les infrastructures, le Canada pourrait revitaliser son syst\u00e8me manufacturier en vue de la reprise apr\u00e8s la pand\u00e9mie. Il ne s\u2019agit toutefois pas de revenir sur d\u2019anciennes politiques visant \u00e0 \u00e9largir les march\u00e9s d\u2019exportation, mais plut\u00f4t d\u2019envisager des politiques qui revitalisent le secteur et profitent aux collectivit\u00e9s partout au pays, tout en r\u00e9duisant l\u2019impact environnemental.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Gingrich, M., & Rowlinson, M. (2020, November 5). Revitalizing Canada\u2019s manufacturing economy for a post-COVID world. Ottawa, ON: Public Policy Forum.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/ppforum.ca\/publications\/revitalizing-canadas-manufacturing-economy-for-a-post-covid-world\/?sf_data=all&sf_paged=2\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/ppforum.ca\/publications\/revitalizing-canadas-manufacturing-economy-for-a-post-covid-world\/?output=pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The authors argue that the COVID-19 pandemic has made it clear that Canada needs a strong domestic manufacturing sector to produce what it needs (i.e., essential medical and personal protective equipment in time of crisis). The last 20 years has seen a severe decline in manufacturing in Canada, which has led to stagnant wages and reliance on imports. The solution proposed in this report is straightforward: develop a national manufacturing strategy. By bringing the supply chains home, defining what \u201cMade in Canada\u201d means, funding better training programs and investing heavily in modernization and infrastructure, Canada could revitalize its manufacturing system for post-pandemic recovery. This does not mean going back on old policies directed at expanding export markets, however, but rather considering policies that revitalize the sector and benefit communities across the country, while reducing environmental impact.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Bleakney, A., Masoud, H., & Robertson, H. (2020, November 2). Labour market impacts of COVID-19 on Indigenous people: March to August 2020. StatCan COVID-19: Data to Insights for a Better Canada. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00085-eng.pdf?st=402NEhAl\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Using the Labour Force Survey (LFS) for March to August 2020, this paper examines how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted labour market conditions among Indigenous people living off reserve. While the initial impacts of the pandemic were similar among Indigenous and non-Indigenous people, recovery has been slower for Indigenous people. Particularly for Indigenous women, employment levels have remained further from their pre-pandemic levels than for Indigenous men. The employment rate of Indigenous women further declined between June and August 2020, while recovery occurred for Indigenous men during that period.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Bleakney, A., Masoud, H., et Robertson, H. (2020, 2 novembre). R\u00e9percussions de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 sur le march\u00e9 du travail des Autochtones : mars \u00e0 ao\u00fbt 2020. StatCan et la COVID-19 : Des donn\u00e9es aux connaissances, pour b\u00e2tir un Canada meilleur. Ottawa (Ontario). Statistique Canada, gouvernement du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/fr\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00085-fra.pdf?st=402NEhAl\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>En utilisant l\u2019Enqu\u00eate sur la population active (EPA) de mars \u00e0 ao\u00fbt\u00a02020, ce document examine l\u2019incidence de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 sur les conditions du march\u00e9 du travail chez les Autochtones vivant hors r\u00e9serve. Bien que les r\u00e9percussions initiales de la pand\u00e9mie aient \u00e9t\u00e9 semblables chez les Autochtones et les non-Autochtones, la reprise a \u00e9t\u00e9 plus lente chez les Autochtones. En particulier pour les femmes autochtones, les niveaux d\u2019emploi sont rest\u00e9s plus \u00e9loign\u00e9s de leurs niveaux pr\u00e9-pand\u00e9miques que pour les hommes autochtones. Le taux d\u2019emploi des femmes autochtones a encore diminu\u00e9 entre juin et ao\u00fbt\u00a02020, tandis que la reprise s\u2019est produite chez les hommes autochtones au cours de cette p\u00e9riode.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Webb, A., McQuaid, R., & Rand, S. (2020, November). Employment in the informal economy: Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(9\/10), 1005\u20131019.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJSSP-08-2020-0371\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJSSP-08-2020-0371\/full\/pdf?title=employment-in-the-informal-economy-implications-of-the-covid-19-pandemic\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This work addresses current definitional understandings of informal employment, conceptual approaches to explain its participation, and solutions to support informal economies in transitioning to more formal avenues of employment. Informal economies disproportionately employ young, immigrant, minority, and female groups. Informal employment encompasses work that does not follow employment and tax regulations but is otherwise legal and legitimate. The nature of informal employment is often associated with precarious\/involuntary work hours, insufficient social protection, and lack of collective action to improve working conditions. The authors propose that COVID-19 may represent a catalyst in improving the support of informal employment by public institutions. Results suggest that governments need to consider explicit support for informal workers to create fair, resilient, ethical structures to allow for transition to more formal employment. They also find that the motivation to participate in informal employment is incentivized by the increase in remote work, the online purchasing supply chain, and job insecurity among developed economies.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Webb, A., R. McQuaid et S. Rand. (2020, Novembre). \u00ab Employment in the informal economy: Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic \u00bb. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, vol. 40, nos 9\/10, p. 1005\u20131019.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJSSP-08-2020-0371\/full\/html\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/IJSSP-08-2020-0371\/full\/pdf?title=employment-in-the-informal-economy-implications-of-the-covid-19-pandemic\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cet article porte sur les d\u00e9finitions actuelles de l\u2019emploi informel, les d\u00e9marches conceptuelles visant \u00e0 expliquer la participation \u00e0 ce secteur et les solutions pour aider les \u00e9conomies informelles \u00e0 faire la transition vers des avenues plus officielles en mati\u00e8re d\u2019emploi. Les \u00e9conomies informelles, ou parall\u00e8les, comptent un nombre disproportionn\u00e9 de jeunes, d\u2019immigrants, de minorit\u00e9s et de femmes. L\u2019emploi informel englobe le travail qui ne suit pas la r\u00e9glementation en mati\u00e8re d\u2019emploi et de fiscalit\u00e9, mais qui est autrement l\u00e9gal et l\u00e9gitime. La nature de l\u2019emploi informel est souvent associ\u00e9e \u00e0 des heures de travail pr\u00e9caires ou forc\u00e9es, une protection sociale insuffisante et un manque de gestes collectifs visant \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer les conditions de travail. D\u2019apr\u00e8s les auteurs, la COVID-19 pourrait servir de catalyseur pour am\u00e9liorer l\u2019appui de l\u2019emploi informel par les institutions publiques. Les r\u00e9sultats indiquent que les gouvernements devront songer \u00e0 offrir un soutien explicite aux travailleurs du secteur informel afin de mettre en place des structures justes, r\u00e9sistantes et \u00e9thiques qui permettront une transition vers une forme d\u2019emploi plus formelle. Ils constatent \u00e9galement que la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation du t\u00e9l\u00e9travail, la cha\u00eene d\u2019approvisionnement des achats en ligne et l\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 d\u2019emploi dans les \u00e9conomies d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es favorisent la participation au secteur de l\u2019emploi informel.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Doucet, A., Mathieu, S., & McKay, L. (2020, October 26). Reconceptualizing parental leave benefits in COVID-19 Canada: From employment policy to care and social protection policy. Canadian Public Policy, 46(S3), S272\u2013S286.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/full\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-091\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-091\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The unprecedented impact of COVID-19 on the labour force and the provision of childcare have given rise to criticism of childcare policy. However, little attention has been awarded to parental leave, which has also been severely impacted by the changes to employment levels and arrangements caused by COVID-19. This paper argues that these impacts suggest a reconceptualized post-pandemic parental leave system in which such benefits are part of broader social protection policies. The paper also emphasizes that high-quality, affordable childcare services are essential for balancing work and family responsibilities.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Doucet, A., Mathieu, S., et McKay, L. (2020, 26 octobre). Reconceptualizing parental leave benefits in COVID-19 Canada: From employment policy to care and social protection policy (Reconceptualisation des prestations de cong\u00e9 parental dans le cadre de la COVID-19 au Canada : De la politique d\u2019emploi \u00e0 la politique sur les soins et la protection sociale. Canadian Public Policy\/Analyse de politiques, vol. 46, no 3, p.272 \u00e0 286.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/full\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-091\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-091\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019incidence sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent de la COVID-19 sur la population active et la prestation de services de garde d\u2019enfants a suscit\u00e9 des critiques \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la politique de garde d\u2019enfants. Toutefois, peu d\u2019attention a \u00e9t\u00e9 accord\u00e9e aux cong\u00e9s parentaux, qui ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 durement touch\u00e9s par les changements apport\u00e9s au niveau des emplois et aux arrangements li\u00e9s \u00e0 la COVID-19. Cet article soutient que ces incidences sugg\u00e8rent un syst\u00e8me de cong\u00e9 parental post-pand\u00e9mique reconceptualis\u00e9 dans lequel ces prestations font partie des politiques de protection sociale plus larges. L\u2019article souligne \u00e9galement que des services de garde d\u2019enfants abordables et de grande qualit\u00e9 sont essentiels pour \u00e9quilibrer les responsabilit\u00e9s professionnelles et familiales.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Mo, G., Cukier, W., Atputharajah, A., Boase, M. I., & Hon, H. (2020, 26 octobre). Differential impacts during COVID-19 in Canada: A look at diverse individuals and their businesses (Effets diff\u00e9rentiels de la COVID-19 au Canada : un aper\u00e7u de la diversit\u00e9 des personnes et de leurs entreprises). Canadian Public Policy\/Analyse de politiques, vol. 46, no3, p. 261 \u00e0 271.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/full\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-072\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-072\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>S\u2019appuyant sur les donn\u00e9es de Statistique Canada, ce document indique que divers groupes \u2013 y compris les femmes, les personnes d\u2019origine ethnique, les personnes handicap\u00e9es, les Autochtones et les immigrants \u2013 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 plus touch\u00e9s par la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19. Les auteurs soulignent que ces groupes sont plus susceptibles d\u2019occuper un emploi \u00e0 temps partiel ou pr\u00e9caire, d\u2019avoir moins d\u2019options de travail \u00e0 domicile et de faire face \u00e0 de plus grands probl\u00e8mes d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux programmes sociaux. Les femmes, en particulier celles issues de divers groupes, sont touch\u00e9es de fa\u00e7on disproportionn\u00e9e et font \u00e9tat d\u2019une plus grande incertitude quant au maintien de leur emploi, \u00e0 l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 une aide financi\u00e8re et au respect de leurs obligations financi\u00e8res. Ces r\u00e9sultats sugg\u00e8rent l\u2019existence d\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9s structurelles au Canada.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Mo, G., Cukier, W., Atputharajah, A., Boase, M. I., & Hon, H. (2020, October 26). Differential impacts during COVID-19 in Canada: A look at diverse individuals and their businesses. Canadian Public Policy, 46(S3), S261\u2013S271.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/full\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-072\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-072\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Using datasets from Statistics Canada, this paper reports that diverse groups \u2014 including women, racialized people, those with disabilities, Indigenous people and immigrants \u2014 have been more affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors highlight that these groups are more likely to be in part-time or precarious employment, have fewer options to work from home, and face greater issues accessing social programs. Women, particularly from diverse groups, are disproportionately impacted and report higher uncertainty in maintaining employment, accessing financial relief, and meeting financial obligations. These findings suggest the existence of structural inequalities in Canada.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Global Deal, OCDE et OIT. (2020, 20 octobre). Social dialogue, skills and Covid-19 : The global deal for decent work and inclusive growth flagship report (Dialogue social, comp\u00e9tences et COVID-19) : L\u2019accord mondial pour un travail d\u00e9cent et une croissance inclusive, rapport phare). Paris (France) : Organisation de coop\u00e9ration et de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomiques\/Gen\u00e8ve (Suisse) : Organisation internationale du Travail.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/publications\/books\/WCMS_758550\/lang--en\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---dgreports\/---dcomm\/---publ\/documents\/publication\/wcms_758550.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce rapport illustre l\u2019importance du dialogue social dans la gestion des cons\u00e9quences de la pand\u00e9mie. Il souligne \u00e9galement les avantages de la participation des partenaires sociaux aux syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9ducation et de formation des adultes pour pr\u00e9parer l\u2019avenir du travail. Alors que l\u2019\u00e9volution technologique cr\u00e9e des p\u00e9nuries de comp\u00e9tences, de solides syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9ducation et de formation des adultes sont n\u00e9cessaires pour pr\u00e9venir la d\u00e9pr\u00e9ciation des comp\u00e9tences et faciliter les transitions vers les secteurs en expansion. Une \u00e9conomie plus saine peut \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9e si un dialogue social fort est utilis\u00e9 pour \u00e9laborer des mesures strat\u00e9giques qui aboutissent \u00e0 un march\u00e9 du travail plus r\u00e9sistant et \u00e0 une reprise \u00e9conomique plus forte.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Global Deal, OECD, & ILO. (2020, October 20). Social dialogue, skills and COVID-19: The global deal for decent work and inclusive growth flagship report. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development\/Geneva: Switzerland: International Labour Organization.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/publications\/books\/WCMS_758550\/lang--en\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---dgreports\/---dcomm\/---publ\/documents\/publication\/wcms_758550.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This report illustrates the importance of social dialogue in managing the consequences of the pandemic. It also outlines the benefits of involving social partners in adult-learning systems to prepare for the future of work. While technological change is creating skill shortages, strong adult-learning systems are needed to prevent skills depreciation and to facilitate transitions towards expanding sectors. A healthier economy can be achieved if strong social dialogue is used in developing policy actions that result in a more resilient labour market and a stronger economic recovery.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>SCHIRLE, T. et M. SKUTERUD. (2020, 20 octobre). Long-term Joblessness: A Significant Policy Challenge on the Horizon? Toronto, Ontario, C.D. Howe Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/intelligence-memos\/schirle-skuterud-%E2%80%93-long-term-joblessness-significant-policy-challenge-horizon\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/sites\/default\/files\/IM-Schirle-Skuterud_2020-1020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>(en anglais seulement)<\/p>\n<p>En septembre\u00a02020, plus de 1,3\u00a0million de Canadiens \u00e9taient sans emploi depuis plus de six mois. Cet article laisse entendre que cette tendance se poursuivra probablement en raison des r\u00e9percussions directes (p.\u00a0ex., les fermetures d\u2019entreprises) et indirectes (p.\u00a0ex., le d\u00e9clin \u00e9conomique) de la crise sanitaire actuelle. Les auteurs se concentrent sur les principales pr\u00e9occupations d\u2019ordre politique et les possibilit\u00e9s li\u00e9es au ch\u00f4mage \u00e0 long terme dans le contexte de la pand\u00e9mie. Des donn\u00e9es probantes indiquent que plus la p\u00e9riode de ch\u00f4mage se prolonge, moins le travailleur sera susceptible de retourner sur le march\u00e9 de l\u2019emploi (d\u00e9pendance n\u00e9gative par rapport \u00e0 la dur\u00e9e). Selon eux, les d\u00e9cideurs devraient agir d\u00e8s maintenant pour att\u00e9nuer les risques de r\u00e9percussions \u00e0 long terme sur le march\u00e9 du travail qui touchent de fa\u00e7on disproportionn\u00e9e les groupes vuln\u00e9rables, comme les jeunes travailleurs et les Canadiens \u00e0 faible revenu.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Schirle, T., & Skuterud, M. (2020, October 20). Long-term joblessness: A significant policy challenge on the horizon? Toronto, ON: C. D. Howe Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/intelligence-memos\/schirle-skuterud-%E2%80%93-long-term-joblessness-significant-policy-challenge-horizon\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/sites\/default\/files\/IM-Schirle-Skuterud_2020-1020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>By September 2020, more than 1.3 million Canadians had been out of work for more than six months. This article suggests that this trend will likely persist because of both the direct impact (e.g., business closures) and indirect impact (e.g., economic decline) of the current health crisis. They focus on key policy concerns and opportunities related to long-term joblessness in the context of a pandemic. Evidence shows that the longer a worker is jobless, the less likely they will be able to transition back into the workforce (negative duration dependence). The authors argue that policy makers should act now to mitigate the risk of long-term impacts on the labour market that disproportionately impact vulnerable groups, such as young workers and low-income Canadians.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Statistics Canada. (2020, October 20). Economic impacts and recovery related to the pandemic. A presentation series from Statistics Canada about the economy, environment and society. Catalogue no. 11-631-X. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/11-631-x\/2020004\/s5-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/11-631-x\/2020004\/pdf\/s5-eng.pdf?st=UULHG9bU\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This report emphasizes that although economic output is recovering as businesses reopen, stark differences exist across sectors. For example, output in accommodation and food services in June 2020 was at 55% of the pre-pandemic level. Among those who lost their jobs, youth, less-educated workers, women, recent immigrants and temporary employees have been hit hardest. The report also highlights the structural challenges of heavily impacted sectors. For example, the retail sector rebounded quickly from storefront closures as firms developed or improved their online platforms. The report also pointed out that, from February to May 2020, the share of businesses with at least 10% of their workforce teleworking doubled from 16.6% to 32.6%.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Statistique Canada. (2020, 20 octobre). \u00ab R\u00e9percussions et relance \u00e9conomiques li\u00e9es \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie \u00bb, Une s\u00e9rie de pr\u00e9sentations de Statistique Canada sur l\u2019\u00e9conomie, l\u2019environnement et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, produit no 11-631-X au catalogue de Statistique Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/11-631-x\/2020004\/s5-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/fr\/pub\/11-631-x\/2020004\/pdf\/s5-fra.pdf?st=koQK_0UN\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Ce rapport souligne le fait que bien que la production ait repris au fur et \u00e0 mesure de la r\u00e9ouverture des entreprises, il existe des diff\u00e9rences marqu\u00e9es entre les secteurs. Par exemple, en juin\u00a02020, la production dans les services d\u2019h\u00e9bergement et de restauration se situait \u00e0 55\u00a0% de son niveau d\u2019avant la pand\u00e9mie. Parmi les personnes ayant perdu leur emploi, les jeunes, les travailleurs moins scolaris\u00e9s, les femmes, les immigrants r\u00e9cents et les employ\u00e9s temporaires ont \u00e9t\u00e9 les plus gravement touch\u00e9s. Le rapport met en lumi\u00e8re les d\u00e9fis structurels dans les secteurs durement touch\u00e9s. Par exemple, le secteur du commerce de d\u00e9tail a connu une reprise rapide apr\u00e8s les fermetures de magasins, \u00e0 mesure que les entreprises ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 ou am\u00e9lior\u00e9 leurs plateformes en ligne. Il signale \u00e9galement que la proportion d\u2019entreprises comptant au moins 10\u00a0% de leur effectif en t\u00e9l\u00e9travail a doubl\u00e9 de f\u00e9vrier \u00e0 mai\u00a02020, passant de 16,6 \u00e0 32,6\u00a0%.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Achou, B., Boisclair, D., d\u2019Astous, P., Fonseca, R., Glenzer, F., & Michaud, P.-C. (2020, October). Early impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on household finances in Quebec. Canadian Public Policy, 46(S3), S217\u2013S235.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/full\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-087\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-087\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This study reviews the pandemic\u2019s impact on household finances and unemployment levels in Quebec. It provides a demographic breakdown of which group suffered job losses, reductions in working hours and consequently income reduction because of COVID-19. Moreover, it explains how households reacted to the crisis to smooth their spending in choosing to withdraw savings, increase debt, and defer or miss mortgage or other debt payments. The study concludes that Canada financial assistance programs, although quick and efficient, did not allow for specific targeting of more vulnerable groups. Hence the authors advocate that future emergency measures should aim to incentivize the use of savings (e.g. RRSPs), and that current debt relief measures should be extended.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Achou, B., Boisclair, D., d\u2019Astous, P., Fonseca, R., Glenzer, F., et Michaud, P.-C. (2020, octobre). Early impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on household finances in Quebec (Impact pr\u00e9coce de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 sur les finances des m\u00e9nages au Qu\u00e9bec). Canadian Public Policy\/ Analyse de politiques, vol. 46, no 3, p. 217 \u00e0 235.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/full\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-087\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-087\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cette \u00e9tude examine l\u2019incidence de la pand\u00e9mie sur les finances des m\u00e9nages et le taux de ch\u00f4mage au Qu\u00e9bec. Elle fournit une ventilation d\u00e9mographique des groupes qui ont subi des pertes d\u2019emploi, des r\u00e9ductions d\u2019heures de travail et, par cons\u00e9quent, une r\u00e9duction de revenu en raison de la COVID-19. De plus, elle explique comment les m\u00e9nages ont r\u00e9agi \u00e0 la crise pour adoucir leurs d\u00e9penses en choisissant de retirer leurs \u00e9conomies, d\u2019augmenter leur endettement et de reporter ou de manquer des versements hypoth\u00e9caires ou de rembourser d\u2019autres dettes. L\u2019\u00e9tude conclut que les programmes d\u2019aide financi\u00e8re du Canada, bien que rapides et efficaces, n\u2019ont pas permis de cibler sp\u00e9cifiquement les groupes les plus vuln\u00e9rables. Les auteurs pr\u00e9conisent donc que les futures mesures d\u2019urgence visent \u00e0 encourager le recours \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9pargne (p. ex., les REER) et \u00e0 prolonger les mesures actuelles d\u2019all\u00e9gement de la dette.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Forum \u00e9conomique mondial. (2020, octobre). The future of jobs report 2020 (Rapport 2020 sur l\u2019avenir de l\u2019emploi). Gen\u00e8ve (Suisse).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/reports\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2020\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce rapport brosse un tableau sombre de l\u2019avenir, faisant valoir que la r\u00e9cession et l\u2019automatisation li\u00e9es \u00e0 la COVID-19 causent une double perturbation pour les travailleurs. Avec la pand\u00e9mie, les possibilit\u00e9s de requalification et de perfectionnement des travailleurs se sont r\u00e9duites. Le rapport estime que la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019emplois ralentit, tandis que la disparition d\u2019emplois s\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e8re. D\u2019ici 2025, les postes r\u00e9p\u00e9titifs devraient diminuer de 6,4\u00a0%, tandis que les professions \u00e9mergentes augmenteront de 5,7\u00a0%. Le rapport souligne \u00e9galement que la crise a touch\u00e9 plus profond\u00e9ment sur les personnes ayant un faible niveau d\u2019instruction, mettant en garde contre le fait qu\u2019en l\u2019absence d\u2019efforts proactifs, les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s pourraient \u00eatre exacerb\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>GALLANT, J., K. KROFT, F. LANGE et M. J. NOTOWIDIGDO. (2020, Octobre). Temporary Unemployment and Labor Market Dynamics During the COVID-19 Recession. Document de travail no 27924 du NBER, Cambridge, Massachusetts, National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27924\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/system\/files\/working_papers\/w27924\/w27924.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document propose un mod\u00e8le \u00ab\u00a0de recherche et d\u2019appariement\u00a0\u00bb qui int\u00e8gre le ch\u00f4mage temporaire. Les auteurs ont appliqu\u00e9 ce mod\u00e8le pour \u00e9tudier la dynamique du march\u00e9 du travail dans le contexte de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 aux \u00c9tats-Unis et constat\u00e9 que les mod\u00e8les actuels, qui ne font pas de distinction entre emploi temporaire et emploi permanent, surestiment le temps n\u00e9cessaire pour retrouver les niveaux d\u2019emploi ant\u00e9rieurs.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Gallant, J., Kroft, K., Lange, F., & Notowidigdo, M. J. (2020, October). Temporary unemployment and labor market dynamics during the COVID-19 recession. NBER Working Paper 27924. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27924\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/system\/files\/working_papers\/w27924\/w27924.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This paper creates a search-and-matching model that incorporates temporary unemployment. Applying this model to study the labour market dynamics of COVID-19 in the US, the authors find that current models \u2014 which do not distinguish between temporary and permanent employment \u2014 overestimate the time to recover employment levels.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>HALL, R. E. et M. KUDLYAK. (2020, Octobre). Unemployed With Jobs and Without Jobs. Document de travail no 27886 du NBER. Cambridge, Massachusetts, National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27886\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/system\/files\/working_papers\/w27886\/w27886.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document, qui pr\u00e9sente une analyse de la baisse rapide du taux de ch\u00f4mage, d\u00e9finit les diff\u00e9rents types de ch\u00f4mage\u00a0: le ch\u00f4mage avec rappel au travail et le ch\u00f4mage sans emploi. Les auteurs affirment que le ch\u00f4mage avec rappel au travail (les travailleurs en cong\u00e9 ou en mise \u00e0 pied temporaire) est devenu un \u00e9l\u00e9ment important de la dynamique de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19. De plus, bon nombre des r\u00e9centes fluctuations du taux de ch\u00f4mage ont \u00e9t\u00e9 associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la diminution du ch\u00f4mage avec rappel au travail. Les auteurs font toutefois la mise en garde suivante\u00a0: le taux de ch\u00f4mage sans emploi, qui baisse g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement lentement, pourrait avoir un effet aggravant et d\u00e9clencher un taux ch\u00f4mage global plus \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Hall, R. E., & Kudlyak, M. (2020, October). Unemployed with jobs and without jobs. NBER Working Paper 27886. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27886\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/system\/files\/working_papers\/w27886\/w27886.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>To analyze the rapid decline of the unemployment rate, this paper defines different types of unemployment: recall-unemployment and jobless-unemployment. The authors state that recall-unemployment (workers on furlough or temporary layoff) has become an important part of labour dynamics during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, many of the recent reversals in unemployment have been associated with reductions in recall-unemployment. The authors, however, warned that jobless-unemployment \u2014 which generally declines slowly \u2014 could exacerbate and trigger higher overall unemployment.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>WEF. (2020, October). The future of jobs report 2020. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/reports\/the-future-of-jobs-report-2020\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This report paints a grim picture of the future, arguing that the COVID-19 recession and automation are causing a double disruption for workers. With the pandemic, the window of opportunity to reskill and upskill workers has become shorter. The report estimates that job creation is slowing, while job destruction is accelerating. By 2025, redundant roles are expected to decline by 6.4 percentage points, while emerging professions will grow by 5.7 percentage points. The report also points out that the crisis has impacted individuals with lower education levels more deeply, warning that, in the absence of proactive efforts, inequality may be exacerbated.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>ILO. (2020, September 23). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work, 6th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/topics\/coronavirus\/impacts-and-responses\/WCMS_755910\/lang--en\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---dgreports\/---dcomm\/documents\/briefingnote\/wcms_755910.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The sixth edition of the ILO Monitor gives an update on the effects of COVID-19 on the global labour market. The key take-away is that 94% of the world\u2019s workers still live in countries with workplace closures. Upper-middle-income countries have been adopting more stringent rules to curb the numbers of cases, a trend not followed by low-income countries despite rising numbers. Strict restrictions will continue to increase working hour losses as well as higher levels of unemployment and inactivity. This situation could lead the younger generation to face long-term labour market disadvantages. The ILO advocates for policy measures that correspond to the magnitude of labour market disruptions and provide the fullest possible support to vulnerable and hard-hit groups.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>OIT. 23 septembre 2020. Observatoire de l\u2019OIT : le COVID-19 et le monde du travail. Sixi\u00e8me \u00e9dition. Gen\u00e8ve, Suisse : Organisation internationale du Travail.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/topics\/coronavirus\/impacts-and-responses\/WCMS_755930\/lang--fr\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---dgreports\/---dcomm\/documents\/briefingnote\/wcms_755930.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>La sixi\u00e8me \u00e9dition de l\u2019<em>Observatoire de l\u2019OIT <\/em>rend compte des r\u00e9percussions de la COVID-19 sur le march\u00e9 du travail mondial. Le point important \u00e0 retenir, c\u2019est que 94\u00a0% des travailleurs dans le monde habitent toujours dans des pays o\u00f9 il existe des fermetures des lieux de travail. Les pays \u00e0 revenu interm\u00e9diaire sup\u00e9rieur ont adopt\u00e9 des mesures plus s\u00e9v\u00e8res pour r\u00e9duire le nombre de cas, une tendance que n\u2019ont pas suivie les pays \u00e0 faible revenu malgr\u00e9 le nombre croissant de cas de COVID-19. Les restrictions rigoureuses ne feront qu\u2019augmenter la perte en heures travaill\u00e9es et qu\u2019accro\u00eetre les taux de ch\u00f4mage et d\u2019inactivit\u00e9. Cette situation pourrait faire en sorte que les jeunes se retrouvent d\u00e9savantag\u00e9s \u00e0 long terme sur le march\u00e9 du travail. L\u2019OIT pr\u00e9conise la prise de mesures politiques qui correspondent \u00e0 l\u2019ampleur des perturbations sur le march\u00e9 du travail et procurent l\u2019aide la plus compl\u00e8te possible aux groupes de personnes vuln\u00e9rables et aux populations les plus touch\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Schirle, T. et M. Skuterud, The challenge of designing income support programs for the self-employed (La difficult\u00e9 de concevoir des programmes de soutien du revenu pour les travailleurs autonomes \u2013 trad.), 22 septembre 2020, Toronto\/Montr\u00e9al in Finances of the Nation.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/financesofthenation.ca\/2020\/09\/22\/income-support-programs-for-the-self-employed\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/financesofthenation.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/crb-se.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Les auteurs de cet article \u00e9tablissent qu\u2019entre f\u00e9vrier et avril 2020, le nombre total d\u2019heures travaill\u00e9es par les travailleurs autonomes a chut\u00e9 de 57 % pour ce qui est des travailleurs non constitu\u00e9s en soci\u00e9t\u00e9, et de 52 % chez les personnes constitu\u00e9es en soci\u00e9t\u00e9. \u00c0 titre de comparaison, le nombre total d\u2019heures travaill\u00e9es par les personnes salaries du secteur priv\u00e9 a chut\u00e9 de 33 %, tandis qu\u2019il a r\u00e9gress\u00e9 de 17 % dans le secteur public. Les auteurs de l\u2019article soulignent cependant que les travailleurs autonomes forment un groupe h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne dont les caract\u00e9ristiques ne sont pas facilement d\u00e9termin\u00e9es. Puisque ces donn\u00e9es ne sont pas exhaustives aux fins de l\u2019analyse, les auteurs soutiennent qu\u2019avant d\u2019\u00e9laborer une politique ou un programme de soutien du revenu \u00e0 long terme pour cette tranche de la population active canadienne, il conviendrait de mieux comprendre la dynamique, les revenus et les comportements des travailleurs autonomes dans les circonstances actuelles. Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 maintenant, pendant la pand\u00e9mie, la Prestation canadienne d\u2019urgence (PCU) a \u00e9t\u00e9 une importante source de soutien, tout particuli\u00e8rement pour les personnes qui n\u2019ont pas d\u2019employ\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Schirle, T., & Skuterud, M. (2020, September 22). The challenge of designing income support programs for the self-employed. Toronto\/Montreal: Finances of the Nation.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/financesofthenation.ca\/2020\/09\/22\/income-support-programs-for-the-self-employed\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/financesofthenation.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/crb-se.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This article reports that between February and April 2020, aggregate hours worked by self-employed individuals fell by 57% among the unincorporated, and by 52% among the incorporated. In comparison, aggregate hours worked by paid employees in the private sector fell by 33% and in the public sector by 17%. This article emphasizes, however, that self-employed individuals are a diverse group not easily characterized. Since the data is far from ideal, before developing any long-term policy or support programs for this segment of the Canadian workforce, we need to better understand the workflow, incomes and behavioural responses of self-employed people. So far, the Canada Recovery Benefit (CRB) has been an important source of support during the pandemic, particularly for those with no employees.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>FUSS, J., M. PALACIOS, M. et B. EISEN. 17 septembre 2020. How Much Could a Guaranteed Annual Income Cost? Vancouver, Colombie-Britannique, Institut Fraser.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fraserinstitute.org\/studies\/how-much-could-a-guaranteed-annual-income-cost\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fraserinstitute.org\/sites\/default\/files\/how-much-could-a-guaranteed-annual-income-cost.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>La mise en \u0153uvre de la Prestation canadienne d&#8217;urgence en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 a suscit\u00e9 un int\u00e9r\u00eat croissant pour le revenu universel de base ou le revenu annuel garanti (RAG). Ce rapport fournit des renseignements sur les co\u00fbts que pourrait entra\u00eener un tel programme ainsi que les probl\u00e8mes de compensation et d\u2019application qui pourraient survenir. Le rapport compare quatre types de RAG par montants annuels de transfert de fonds, taux de r\u00e9duction et seuil de revenu. De nombreux d\u00e9fenseurs du programme avancent qu\u2019un RAG pourrait simplifier le syst\u00e8me de transfert, am\u00e9liorer la dynamique et les mesures incitatives sur le march\u00e9 de l\u2019emploi et contribuer \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la pauvret\u00e9.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Fuss, J., Palacios, M., & Eisen, B. (2020, September 17). How much could a guaranteed annual income cost? Vancouver, BC: Fraser Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fraserinstitute.org\/studies\/how-much-could-a-guaranteed-annual-income-cost\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fraserinstitute.org\/sites\/default\/files\/how-much-could-a-guaranteed-annual-income-cost.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Implementation of the Canada Emergency Response Benefit\u00a0 due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to increasing interest in a universal basic income or guaranteed annual income (GAI). This report provides insights on how much such a program could cost, as well as the trade-off and implementation problems that might arise. The report compares four types of GAI by yearly amounts of cash transfer, reduction rate and income threshold. Many supporters suggest that a GAI could simplify the transfer system, improve the dynamics and incentives in the labour market, and help alleviate poverty.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>OCDE, Coronavirus (COVID-19) - R\u00e9tablir la confiance sur fond de reprise incertaine, Perspectives \u00e9conomiques de l\u2019OCDE, Rapport interm\u00e9diaire, 16 septembre 2020, Paris, Organisation pour la coop\u00e9ration et le d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomiques.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/fr\/economics\/perspectives-economiques-de-l-ocde\/volume-2020\/issue-1_773ea84a-fr\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/deliver\/773ea84a-fr.pdf?itemId=%2Fcontent%2Fpublication%2F773ea84a-fr&mimeType=pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>L\u2019incertitude est un th\u00e8me r\u00e9current de la pand\u00e9mie de la COVID-19 et cette publication aborde trois aspects principaux li\u00e9s \u00e0 cette incertitude. Dans un premier temps, les auteurs analysent la mesure dans laquelle l\u2019incertitude demeure \u00e9lev\u00e9e et le degr\u00e9 de confiance fragile en ce qui concerne les m\u00e9nages et les entreprises devant composer avec une reprise qui ne peut \u00eatre que progressive. Deuxi\u00e8mement, les projections font \u00e9tat uniquement d\u2019une croissance mod\u00e9r\u00e9e, eu \u00e9gard \u00e0 la perte de confiance, aux  d\u00e9penses et aux pertes d\u2019emplois. Troisi\u00e8mement, pour r\u00e9duire le degr\u00e9 d\u2019incertitude et redonner confiance, il y a lieu de maintenir certaines politiques, notamment les interventions en sant\u00e9 publique, les politiques de soutien macro\u00e9conomique (politiques mon\u00e9taires, entre autres) et les politiques fiscales. Enfin, les auteurs de la publication laissent entendre qu\u2019une r\u00e9forme structurelle pourrait \u00eatre une excellente occasion de mettre en place les mesures exig\u00e9es pour contrer la menace que fait peser \u00e0 long terme le changement climatique.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>OECD. (2020, September 16). Coronavirus (COVID-19): Living with uncertainty. OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/economics\/oecd-economic-outlook\/volume-2020\/issue-1_34ffc900-en\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/docserver\/34ffc900-en.pdf?expires=1601128917&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=B9FC7B8273DFFE6C95CB73CB18A8EC0D\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Uncertainty is a recurring subject in the COVID-19 pandemic; this paper focuses on three key areas of uncertainty. First, the author analyzes how uncertainty remains high and confidence is fragile for both households and businesses in the face of only gradual recovery. Second, projections show only moderate output growth due to the decrease in confidence, spending and employment. Third, to reduce uncertainty and boost confidence, certain policies need to be maintained, including public health intervention, macroeconomic policies (such as monetary policies) and fiscal policies. Finally, the paper suggests how structural reform could seize the opportunity to implement the necessary actions required to limit the long-term threat of climate change.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Brochu, P., Cr\u00e9chet, J., & Deng, Z. (2020, September). Labour market flows and worker trajectories in Canada during COVID-19. Working Paper #32. Waterloo, ON: Canadian Labour Economics Forum.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/clef.uwaterloo.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/CLEF-032-2020-Brochu-et-al.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper uses the Labour Force Survey (LFS) to measure the scope of worker reallocation in Canada from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic through mid-summer 2020. While most recently laid-off individuals have regained employment, high labour market churning persists even after the easing of social-distancing restrictions. Furthermore, results suggest re-employment di\ufb03culties for those who have left the labour force, and an unusually low job-\ufb01nding rate for workers not employed prior to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>BROCHU, P., J. CR\u00c9CHET et Z. DENG. Septembre 2020. Labour Market Flows and Worker Trajectories in Canada during COVID-19. Document de travail no 32, Waterloo, Ontario, Canadian Labour Economics Forum.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/clef.uwaterloo.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/CLEF-032-2020-Brochu-et-al.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document utilise l\u2019Enqu\u00eate sur la population active (EPA) pour \u00e9valuer l\u2019ampleur de la r\u00e9affectation des travailleurs au Canada, depuis le d\u00e9but de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 jusqu\u2019au milieu de l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9\u00a02020. Bien que la plupart des travailleurs r\u00e9cemment mis \u00e0 pied aient r\u00e9int\u00e9gr\u00e9 leur emploi, le roulement \u00e9lev\u00e9 sur le march\u00e9 du travail persiste, m\u00eame apr\u00e8s l\u2019assouplissement des restrictions de distanciation physique. De plus, les r\u00e9sultats indiquent des difficult\u00e9s de r\u00e9embauche pour les personnes ayant quitt\u00e9 le march\u00e9 du travail et un taux de placement exceptionnellement faible pour les travailleurs qui \u00e9taient sans emploi avant la pand\u00e9mie.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Chopra, A., Devereux, M. B. et Lahiri, A., Pandemics through the lens of occupations [Les emplois et la pand\u00e9mie \u2013 trad.]. Document de travail no 27841 du National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), septembre 2020, Cambridge, Massachussetts.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27841\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27841.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Les auteurs de cette publication \u00e9laborent un mod\u00e8le macro\u00e9conomique de la pand\u00e9mie, en vertu duquel l\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique accro\u00eet les risques d\u2019infection, tandis que les mesures de confinement r\u00e9duisent les infections, mais au prix d\u2019une r\u00e9cession exacerb\u00e9e. Le mod\u00e8le met de l\u2019avant le libre choix que font les individus, qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse de d\u00e9cider de travailler \u00e0 la maison ou de retourner sur le march\u00e9 du travail. Ces r\u00e9sultats sont mis en perspective en regard des donn\u00e9es canadiennes tir\u00e9es du recensement de 2016, lesquelles indiquent que les d\u00e9cisions individuelles de s\u2019isoler ont pour effet de r\u00e9duire la progression des infections de deux points de pourcentage, mais de diminuer parall\u00e8lement de quatre points de pourcentage la production \u00e9conomique.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Chopra, A., Devereux, M. B., & Lahiri, A. (2020, September). Pandemics through the lens of occupations. NBER Working Paper 27841. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27841\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27841.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The authors of this paper develop a macroeconomic pandemic model where economic activity increases the risk of infection, while lockdowns reduce infections but at the cost of a worse recession. The model focuses on the endogenous choice by individuals of whether to work from home or in the market. These results are calibrated to Canadian data from the 2016 census, which show that self-isolation reduces the peak infection rate by 2 percentage points but reduces economic output by 4 percentage points. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Hou, F., Picot, G. et J. Zhang. Transitions entre p\u00e9riodes d\u2019emploi et de ch\u00f4mage v\u00e9cues par les immigrants pendant la p\u00e9riode de confinement obligatoire en raison de la COVID-19 et la p\u00e9riode de reprise des activit\u00e9s. StatCan et la COVID-19 : Des donn\u00e9es aux connaissances, pour b\u00e2tir un Canada meilleur, 20 ao\u00fbt 2020, Ottawa (Ontario), Statistique Canada, Gouvernement du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00070-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/fr\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00070-fra.pdf?st=QkdyltPx\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>\u00c0 l\u2019aide des donn\u00e9es tir\u00e9es de l\u2019Enqu\u00eate sur la population active, les auteurs de cette publication abordent les \u00e9carts en termes d\u2019emploi chez les immigrants et les Canadiens \u00e2g\u00e9s de 20 \u00e0 64 ans pendant la pand\u00e9mie de la COVID-19. Les r\u00e9sultats laissent entendre une plus forte progression de la transition des immigrants vers la perte d\u2019un emploi, en particulier chez les immigrantes arriv\u00e9es de fra\u00eeche date au pays. Les auteurs associent ces r\u00e9sultats \u00e0 une dur\u00e9e d\u2019emploi plus courte et \u00e0 la surrepr\u00e9sentation des immigrants dans des postes moins bien r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Hou, F., Picot, G., & Zhang, J. (2020, August 20). Transitions into and out of employment by immigrants during the COVID-19 lockdown and recovery. StatCan COVID-19: Data to Insights for a Better Canada. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00070-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00070-eng.pdf?st=K5DSHoW9\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using the Labour Force Survey, this paper looks at employment differences for immigrants and Canadians between the ages of 20 and 64 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results suggest a larger increase in the rate of transition to non-employment for immigrants, especially recent female immigrants. The authors associate these results with shorter job tenure and over-representation in lower-wage jobs for immigrants.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Gu, Wulong, R\u00e9percussions \u00e9conomiques de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 sur les entreprises canadiennes de toutes les cat\u00e9gories de taille, Aper\u00e7u \u00e9conomique, publication no 11-626-X \u2014 2020017 \u2013 No 119, 19 ao\u00fbt 2020, Ottawa (Ontario), Statistique Canada, Gouvernement du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/fr\/pub\/11-626-x\/11-626-x2020017-fra.pdf?st=9PF62tZE\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Par son analyse de deux mesures d\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique, l\u2019auteur \u00e9tudie l\u2019impact sur les entreprises canadiennes des contraintes \u00e9conomiques et des mesures d\u2019intervention extraordinaires qu\u2019a adopt\u00e9es le gouvernement pendant la pand\u00e9mie de la COVID-19. Les mesures \u00e9tudi\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 : 1), le nombre  d\u2019heures travaill\u00e9es par les employ\u00e9s affect\u00e9s \u00e0 la production; et 2), la production r\u00e9elle.  L\u2019analyse r\u00e9v\u00e8le que le nombre d\u2019heures travaill\u00e9es au premier trimestre de 2020 a diminu\u00e9 dans les secteurs combin\u00e9s de la production des biens et de la prestation de services. Ce recul a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9 dans les entreprises de toute taille pour ce qui est de la production de biens. En ce qui concerne le secteur de la prestation de services, la diminution est survenue dans les petites et moyennes entreprises, tandis que le nombre d\u2019heures travaill\u00e9es a augment\u00e9 dans les grandes entreprises. De plus, en termes r\u00e9els, la baisse de production  dans les entreprises canadiennes a \u00e9t\u00e9 de 1,7 %, le secteur des services ayant d\u00fb composer pour sa part avec un recul plus important par rapport au secteur de la production de biens.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Gu, Wulong. (2020, August 19). Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Canadian businesses across firm size classes. Economic Insight. Catalogue no. 11-626-X \u2014 2020017 \u2013 No. 119. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/11-626-x\/11-626-x2020017-eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>By looking at two measures of economic activity, this paper analyzes the impact on Canadian businesses of economic restrictions and unprecedented government intervention adopted during COVID-19. The measures used are 1) hours worked by employees engaged in production and 2) the real output. The analysis shows that hours worked declined in Q1 2020 for both the goods and services sectors. The decline occurred in businesses of all sizes for the goods sector. For the service sector, however, the decline occurred in small- and medium-sized firms, with an increase for large firms. Moreover, the real output decline for Canadian businesses was 1.7%, with the service sector enduring a greater drop compared to the goods sector.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>APEC. (2020, August 13). COVID 19: Key issues for Atlantic Canada\u2019s economy, Issue 1. Halifax, NS: Atlantic Provinces Economic Council.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.apec-econ.ca\/publications\/view\/?do-load=1&publication.id=400\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.apec-econ.ca\/private-files\/publications\/400\/file\/APEC Economic Bulletin %231 - Aug 2020 .pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This report highlights the economic effects and the recovery outlook of the COVID-19 pandemic for Atlantic Canada. Within the first two months of the pandemic, the economic impact in Atlantic Canada was similar to the rest of Canada. However, the region began recovering faster. By July 2020, it had regained 61% of all jobs lost, compared to 55% nationally. But long-term challenges remain that may slow economic recovery. Employment improved rapidly between May and June but slowed significantly in July. Among all sectors, the tourism, transportation, food services and accommodation, and entertainment and recreation sectors will take the longest to fully recover. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>CEPA. 13 ao\u00fbt 2020. COVID 19: Key issues for Atlantic Canada\u2019s economy, no 1, Halifax, Nouvelle-\u00c9cosse, Conseil \u00e9conomique des provinces de l\u2019Atlantique.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.apec-econ.ca\/publications\/view\/?do-load=1&publication.id=400\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.apec-econ.ca\/private-files\/publications\/400\/file\/APEC Economic Bulletin %231 - Aug 2020 .pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce rapport met en lumi\u00e8re les effets \u00e9conomiques et les perspectives de reprise apr\u00e8s la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 dans les provinces de l\u2019Atlantique. Au cours des deux premiers mois de la pand\u00e9mie, l\u2019impact \u00e9conomique ressenti dans le Canada atlantique \u00e9tait comparable \u00e0 ce que l\u2019on observait dans le reste du pays. La reprise a toutefois commenc\u00e9 plus rapidement dans la r\u00e9gion. En date de juillet 2020, 61 % des emplois perdus avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9s dans les provinces de l\u2019Atlantique, comparativement \u00e0 55 % \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle nationale. Des d\u00e9fis \u00e0 long terme persistent cependant et pourraient ralentir la reprise \u00e9conomique. La situation de l\u2019emploi s\u2019est fortement am\u00e9lior\u00e9e entre mai et juin, mais la reprise a ralenti consid\u00e9rablement en juillet. De tous les secteurs d\u2019activit\u00e9, le tourisme, les transports, les services de restauration et d\u2019h\u00e9bergement ainsi que les spectacles et loisirs sont ceux qui prendront le plus temps \u00e0 se remettre pleinement de la crise.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Savage, K. et M. Turcotte. 10 ao\u00fbt 2020. \u00ab Se rendre au travail pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 \u00bb. STATCAN ET LA COVID-19 : Des donn\u00e9es aux connaissances, pour b\u00e2tir un Canada meilleur, no de catalogue 45280001, Ottawa, Ontario, Statistique Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00069-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/fr\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00069-fra.pdf?st=QTNo3UQ5\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Les modes de transport qu\u2019empruntent les travailleurs canadiens ont certes bien chang\u00e9 depuis le d\u00e9but de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19. Le nombre de personnes qui font la navette entre le travail et la maison a baiss\u00e9 consid\u00e9rablement, dans l\u2019espoir de limiter la propagation du virus. Afin d\u2019\u00e9tudier ces changements \u00e0 mesure que la pand\u00e9mie \u00e9volue, Statistique Canada a men\u00e9 entre le 15 et le 21 juin une troisi\u00e8me enqu\u00eate dans le cadre de la S\u00e9rie d\u2019enqu\u00eates sur les perspectives canadiennes (SEPC), qui portait sur les Canadiens qui avaient travaill\u00e9 tout au long de la pand\u00e9mie. D\u2019apr\u00e8s les r\u00e9sultats, 24 % des travailleurs qui empruntaient auparavant les transports en commun ont continu\u00e9 d\u2019utiliser ce mode de transport, alors que 34 % des utilisateurs des transports en commun sont pass\u00e9s \u00e0 un autre mode de transport. Les donn\u00e9es laissent croire \u00e9galement que les travailleurs qui ont un plus haut niveau de scolarit\u00e9 sont plus susceptibles de passer \u00e0 un mode de t\u00e9l\u00e9travail. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Savage, K., & Turcotte, M. (2020, August 10). Commuting to work during COVID-19. STATCAN COVID-19: Data to Insights for a better Canada. Catalogue no. 45280001. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00069-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00069-eng.pdf?st=Ht23Kt21\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The modes of transportation used by Canadian workers have certainly changed since the COVID-19 outbreak. The number of commuters has dropped considerably in order to contain the spread of the virus. To examine these changes over the course of the pandemic, Statistics Canada conducted a third wave of the Canadian Perspectives Survey Series (CPSS) from June 15\u201321, focusing on Canadians working throughout the pandemic. Results indicate that 24% of workers who previously used public transit still do, while 34% of public transit users switched to another mode of transportation. Data also suggest that workers with higher levels of education are more likely to switch to telework. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020, August). This time it\u2019s different: The role of women\u2019s employment in a pandemic recession. NBER Working Paper 27660. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27660\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27660.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper argues that in previous US recessions, men experienced higher rates of unemployment than women; however, in the current recession, it is the reverse. Women have experienced high levels of unemployment because their jobs are concentrated in sectors hit hard by the pandemic, such as food services and tourism, and because of increased childcare needs due to school and daycare closures. Using a quantitative macroeconomic model, the authors find that in this pandemic recession, few married workers can rely on the role of families as a shock absorber. They also find that a pandemic recession results in both direct employment losses in the short-term and then long-term losses due to low employment for both genders. Lastly, the authors argue that because of newfound workplace flexibility and more equal childcare between men and women, the pandemic recession may ultimately lessen gender inequality in the long-term. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Alon, T., M. Doepke, J. Olmstead-Rumsey et M. Tertilt. Ao\u00fbt 2020. This time it\u2019s different: The role of women\u2019s employment in a pandemic recession, document de travail NBER 27660, Cambridge, Massachussetts, National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27660\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27660.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cet article fait valoir que lors des r\u00e9cessions qui ont touch\u00e9 les \u00c9tats-Unis dans le pass\u00e9, le taux de ch\u00f4mage avait \u00e9t\u00e9 plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 chez les hommes que chez les femmes; en revanche, dans la r\u00e9cession actuelle, on constate l\u2019inverse. Les femmes affichent un taux de ch\u00f4mage \u00e9lev\u00e9, ce qui s\u2019explique par le fait qu\u2019elles occupent des emplois concentr\u00e9s dans des secteurs durement touch\u00e9s par la pand\u00e9mie, comme ceux de la restauration et du tourisme, et par les besoins accrus en mati\u00e8re de garde d\u2019enfants associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la fermeture des \u00e9coles et des garderies. S\u2019appuyant sur un mod\u00e8le macro\u00e9conomique quantitatif, les auteurs estiment qu\u2019en cette r\u00e9cession attribuable \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie, peu de travailleurs mari\u00e9s peuvent se fier au r\u00f4le de la famille pour mieux absorber le choc. Ils constatent \u00e9galement qu\u2019une r\u00e9cession caus\u00e9e par une pand\u00e9mie m\u00e8ne \u00e0 la fois \u00e0 des pertes d\u2019emploi directes \u00e0 court terme et \u00e0 des pertes \u00e0 long terme attribuables au faible taux d\u2019emploi, pour les hommes et les femmes. Enfin, les auteurs soutiennent qu\u2019en raison de la nouvelle souplesse que l\u2019on observe quant aux lieux de travail et du partage plus \u00e9quitable de la garde d\u2019enfants entre les hommes et les femmes, la r\u00e9cession d\u00e9coulant de la pand\u00e9mie pourrait \u00e0 long terme r\u00e9duire les iniquit\u00e9s entre les sexes.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Blit, J. (2020, ao\u00fbt). Automation and reallocation: Will COVID-19 usher in the future of work? (Automatisation et r\u00e9affectation : La COVID-19 annoncera-t-elle l\u2019avenir du travail?). Canadian Public Policy\/Analyse de politiques, vol. 46, no 2, p. 192 \u00e0 202.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.utpjournals.press\/doi\/full\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-065\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-065\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Des donn\u00e9es r\u00e9centes provenant des \u00c9tats-Unis r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que les r\u00e9cessions jouent un r\u00f4le crucial dans la promotion de l\u2019automatisation et la r\u00e9affectation des ressources productives essentielles \u00e0 la croissance de la productivit\u00e9 globale \u00e0 long terme. Cette \u00e9tude pr\u00e9sente des donn\u00e9es probantes sugg\u00e9rant des r\u00e9sultats semblables pour le Canada en \u00e9tablissant, \u00e0 l\u2019aide de l\u2019Enqu\u00eate sur la population active (EPA), des mesures \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle de l\u2019industrie de l\u2019exposition des travailleurs \u00e0 la COVID-19 et de la fraction de l\u2019emploi routinier. Les r\u00e9sultats sugg\u00e8rent que les industries du commerce de d\u00e9tail, de la construction, de la fabrication, du commerce de gros et des transports conna\u00eetront probablement les plus grandes transformations. L\u2019auteur insiste sur le fait que les politiques devraient faciliter le changement technologique et soutenir les travailleurs tout au long de la transition.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Blit, J. (2020, August). Automation and reallocation: Will COVID-19 usher in the future of work? Canadian Public Policy, 46(S2), S192\u2013S202.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.utpjournals.press\/doi\/full\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-065\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-065\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Recent evidence from the United States shows that recessions can promote automation and the reallocation of productive resources critical to long-run aggregate productivity growth. This study presents evidence suggesting similar results for Canada by constructing industry-level measures of worker exposure to COVID-19 and the fraction of routine employment using the Labour Force Survey (LFS). Results suggest that the retail, construction, manufacturing, wholesale and transportation industries are likely to experience the biggest transformations. The author urges that policies should facilitate technological change and support workers through the transition.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Nations Unies. Ao\u00fbt 2020. Policy brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/dspd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/08\/sg_policy_brief_covid-19_and_education_august_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>La pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 a boulevers\u00e9 le parcours \u00e9ducatif de pr\u00e8s de 1,6 milliard d\u2019apprenants dans plus de 190 pays. Les possibilit\u00e9s d\u2019apprentissage pour les personnes vivant dans des milieux pauvres ou ruraux, les femmes, les personnes handicap\u00e9es, les r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s et les personnes d\u00e9plac\u00e9es de force ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9duites. \u00c0 cela s\u2019ajoutent 23,8 millions de jeunes qui pourraient abandonner leurs \u00e9tudes ou ne pas avoir acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole l\u2019an prochain. Les fermetures d\u2019\u00e9tablissements d\u2019enseignement ont \u00e9galement limit\u00e9 l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la nourriture, en plus de nuire \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 des parents de travailler et de contribuer \u00e0 une hausse de la violence contre les femmes et les filles. Ces impacts ne font qu\u2019accro\u00eetre la pression exerc\u00e9e sur un syst\u00e8me d\u00e9j\u00e0 fragile sur le plan financier, o\u00f9 de nombreux programmes \u00e9ducatifs devaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 composer avec un manque de financement avant le d\u00e9but de la pand\u00e9mie, ce qui pose un risque suppl\u00e9mentaire pour l\u2019acc\u00e8s non seulement \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9ducation, mais \u00e9galement aux services essentiels. Afin de r\u00e9duire au minimum les cons\u00e9quences n\u00e9gatives de la COVID-19, les Nations Unies proposent aux gouvernements et intervenants quatre mesures strat\u00e9giques : 1) freiner la transmission du virus et planifier soigneusement la r\u00e9ouverture des \u00e9coles; 2) prot\u00e9ger le financement de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et travailler de fa\u00e7on coordonn\u00e9e pour mieux se pr\u00e9parer aux impacts; 3) b\u00e2tir des syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9ducation r\u00e9silients pour assurer un d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9quitable et durable; 4) repenser l\u2019\u00e9ducation et acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer les changements dans le domaine de l\u2019enseignement et de l\u2019apprentissage.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>United Nations. (2020, August). Policy brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/dspd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/08\/sg_policy_brief_covid-19_and_education_august_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Almost 1.6 billion learners in more than 190 countries have been disrupted by COVID-19. Opportunities to learn for those living in poor or rural areas, women, persons with disabilities, refugees, and forcibly displaced persons have been reduced. Another 23.8 million youth may drop out or not have access to school next year. Closures of educational institutions have also limited access to food, affected the ability of parents to work, and contributed to increased violence against women and girls. These impacts only add to an already fiscally strained system in which many educational programs were facing funding challenges before COVID-19, further threatening access not only to education but also to essential services. To mitigate the negative consequences of COVID-19, the UN recommends four policy responses that governments and stakeholders should consider: 1) suppress transmission of the virus and plan thoroughly for school re-openings; 2) protect education financing and coordinate for impact; 3) build resilient education systems for equitable and sustainable development; and 4) reimagine education and accelerate change in teaching and learning. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Statistics Canada. (2020, July 29). Child care use during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. STATCAN COVID-19: Data to Insights for a Better Canada. Catalogue no. 45280001. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00062-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00062-eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This release by Statistics Canada presents the key findings of a special COVID-19\u2013related data collection about childcare and family characteristics. The data was collected by crowdsourcing and should not be extrapolated to Canada in general since it is not a representative sample. Information is available by household characteristics such as single-parent households, parents working outside the home or parents working from home. Questions covered aspects of childcare including changes in the type and price of childcare being used before and during the pandemic. Access to childcare, and the degree of business closure, varied across provinces. For example, in the harder hit provinces of Ontario and Quebec, only 5% of respondents were using childcare services during the pandemic compared to 20% in Saskatchewan where the impact was less severe.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Statistique Canada. 29 juillet 2020. \u00ab Utilisation des services de garde d\u2019enfants pendant et apr\u00e8s la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 \u00bb. STATCAN ET LA COVID-19 : Des donn\u00e9es aux connaissances, pour b\u00e2tir un Canada meilleur, no de catalogue 45280001, Ottawa, Ontario, Statistique Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00062-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/fr\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00062-fra.pdf?st=S3dXYBSP\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Cette publication de Statistique Canada pr\u00e9sente les principales constatations d\u2019une collecte de donn\u00e9es sp\u00e9ciale li\u00e9es \u00e0 la COVID-19 sur la garde d\u2019enfants et les caract\u00e9ristiques des familles. Les donn\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 recueillies selon une d\u00e9marche participative et ne devraient pas \u00eatre extrapol\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble du Canada, puisqu\u2019il ne s\u2019agit pas d\u2019un \u00e9chantillon repr\u00e9sentatif. De l\u2019information est fournie en fonction des caract\u00e9ristiques des m\u00e9nages \u2013 p. ex., familles monoparentales, parents qui travaillent en dehors de la maison, parents qui travaillent de la maison. Les questions portaient sur diff\u00e9rents aspects de la garde d\u2019enfants, y compris les changements dans le type et le prix des services de garde d\u2019enfants utilis\u00e9s avant et pendant la pand\u00e9mie. L\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 ces services et l\u2019ampleur des fermetures d\u2019entreprises variaient d\u2019une province \u00e0 l\u2019autre. \u00c0 titre d\u2019exemple, en Ontario et au Qu\u00e9bec \u2013 les provinces les plus durement touch\u00e9es \u2013 seulement 5 % des r\u00e9pondants ont dit avoir utilis\u00e9 des services de garde d\u2019enfants durant la pand\u00e9mie, contre 20 % en Saskatchewan, o\u00f9 la pand\u00e9mie a eu un moins grand impact.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Frenette, M., D. Messacar et T. Handler. 28 juillet 2020. \u00ab Dans quelle mesure la COVID-19 pourrait-elle avoir une incidence sur les revenus de la promotion de 2020? \u00bb STATCAN ET LA COVID-19 : Des donn\u00e9es aux connaissances, pour b\u00e2tir un Canada meilleur, no de catalogue 45280001, Ottawa, Ontario, Statistique Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00063-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/fr\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00063-fra.pdf?st=tgc0E4v8\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Les jeunes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 touch\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on disproportionn\u00e9e par le ralentissement \u00e9conomique r\u00e9sultant des mesures qui visaient \u00e0 freiner la propagation de la COVID-19. Cela a des r\u00e9percussions pour les dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s de niveau secondaire et postsecondaire qui s\u2019appr\u00eatent \u00e0 faire leur entr\u00e9e sur le march\u00e9 du travail. Afin de mieux comprendre ces r\u00e9percussions, Statistique Canada a fait une estimation des pertes de revenu que pourraient subir les jeunes sur une p\u00e9riode de cinq ans, en utilisant cinq taux de ch\u00f4mage diff\u00e9rents. Dans le cas o\u00f9 le taux de ch\u00f4mage chez les jeunes pour cette ann\u00e9e serait de 16 %, les pertes sur cinq ans pourraient \u00eatre inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 6 000 $ pour l\u2019ensemble des groupes, soit moins de 1 200 $ par ann\u00e9e. Par contre, si le taux de ch\u00f4mage de cette ann\u00e9e atteint 19 %, les pertes de revenu pourraient se situer entre 8 000 $ et 15 000 $. Dans le cas o\u00f9 le taux de ch\u00f4mage s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8verait \u00e0 22 % ou 25 %, les pertes varieraient de 15 000 $ \u00e0 25 000 $ et de 22 000 $ \u00e0 35 000 $, respectivement. Enfin, un taux de ch\u00f4mage chez les jeunes qui atteindrait 28 % cette ann\u00e9e pourrait se traduire par des pertes de 25 000 $ ou plus au cours des cinq prochaines ann\u00e9es, variant de 23 000 $ \u00e0 44 000 $ selon le sexe et le niveau de scolarit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Frenette, M., Messacar, D., & Handler, T. (2020, July 28). To what extent might COVID-19 affect the earnings of the class of 2020? STATCAN COVID-19: Data to insights for a better Canada. Catalogue no. 45280001. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00063-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00063-eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Young people have been disproportionately affected by the economic slowdown resulting from measures to curb the spread of COVID-19. This has implications for high school and post-secondary graduates planning to enter the job market soon. To understand these implications, Statistics Canada estimated five-year potential earnings losses under five different youth unemployment rates. In the case where the youth unemployment rate for this year is 16%, five-year losses could be less than $6,000 for all groups, or less than $1,200 per year. If, instead, this year\u2019s unemployment rate reaches 19%, potential five-year losses could range from $8,000\u2013$15,000. If the rate goes up to 22% or 25%, on the other hand, earnings losses range from approximately $15,000\u2013$25,000 and $22,000\u2013$35,000, respectively. Finally, at a youth unemployment rate of 28% for this year, individuals could lose $25,000 or more over the next five years, ranging from $23,000\u2013$44,000 depending on gender and level of education. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Desjardins, D., C. Freestone et N. Powell. 16 juillet 2020. La pand\u00e9mie menace des d\u00e9cennies de progression des femmes au sein de la population active : Le repli \u00e9conomique d\u00fb \u00e0 la COVID-19 cause plus de pertes d\u2019emploi que toutes les autres r\u00e9cessions, Toronto, Ontario, Services \u00e9conomiques RBC.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/leadershipavise.rbc.com\/la-pandemie-menace-des-decennies-de-progression-des-femmes-au-sein-de-la-population-active\/?_ga=2.45949988.1286107325.1598551475-2022928306.1598551475\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Ce rapport traite des r\u00e9percussions de la pand\u00e9mie et de la r\u00e9cession qui en a r\u00e9sult\u00e9 sur la progression des femmes sur le march\u00e9 du travail. Il existe un lien direct entre, d\u2019une part, les pertes d\u2019emploi et la r\u00e9duction des heures de travail chez les femmes et, d\u2019autre part, l\u2019augmentation des responsabilit\u00e9s de garde d\u2019enfants que doivent assumer les familles. D\u2019abord, les industries les plus durement touch\u00e9es par cette r\u00e9cession sont \u00e0 pr\u00e9dominance f\u00e9minine, alors que celles qui avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 les plus mises \u00e0 mal lors des r\u00e9cessions ant\u00e9rieures \u00e9taient \u00e0 pr\u00e9dominance masculine. Ensuite, les femmes sont plus susceptibles d\u2019assumer les nouvelles responsabilit\u00e9s de garde d\u2019enfants qui d\u00e9coulent des fermetures de garderies et d\u2019\u00e9coles et de l\u2019annulation des activit\u00e9s parascolaires. La combinaison de ces deux facteurs peut tenir les femmes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cart de la population active ou r\u00e9duire leur nombre d\u2019heures de travail plus longtemps que leurs homologues masculins, et ainsi nuire \u00e0 leur progression de m\u00eame qu\u2019\u00e0 leurs perspectives de carri\u00e8re \u00e0 long terme et \u00e0 leurs conditions salariales.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Desjardins, D., Freestone, C., & Powell, N. (2020, July 16). Pandemic threatens decades of women\u2019s labour force gains: COVID downturn sees job losses eclipse those of any other recession. Toronto, ON: RBC Economics.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/thoughtleadership.rbc.com\/pandemic-threatens-decades-of-womens-labour-force-gains\/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=economics&utm_campaign=special+report\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This report discusses the impact of the pandemic and resulting recession on the labour market outcomes of women. A direct relationship exists between job losses and reduced hours worked among women and the increasing childcare responsibilities faced by families. First, in this recession the hardest hit industries were female dominated, unlike past recessions when male-dominated industries were hardest hit. Second, women are more likely to take on the increasing childcare responsibilities that stem from closed daycares, schools, and other extracurricular activities. The combination of these two factors can keep women out of the labour force, or working reduced hours, longer than their male counterparts, causing women to fall behind, which affects their long-term career opportunities and wage outcomes.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Schirle, T. et Skuterud, M. (2020, 15 juillet). The Moms Are Not All Right (Les m\u00e8res en arrachent). Intelligence Memos. Toronto (Ontario), Institut C.D. Howe.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/intelligence-memos\/schirle-skuterud-%E2%80%93-moms-are-not-all-right\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/sites\/default\/files\/IM-Schirle-Skuterud_2020-0715.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>En utilisant les donn\u00e9es de l\u2019Enqu\u00eate sur la population active sur les heures travaill\u00e9es, les auteurs constatent qu\u2019en moyenne, les Canadiens travaillent plus d\u2019heures en juin qu\u2019en avril (lorsque les heures travaill\u00e9es \u00e9taient \u00e0 leur plus bas niveau). Toutefois, les femmes qui ont de jeunes enfants ne retrouvent pas aussi rapidement leur niveau d\u2019heures de travail d\u2019avant l\u2019interruption que leurs homologues masculins, les Canadiens qui ont des enfants plus \u00e2g\u00e9s ou ceux qui n\u2019ont pas d\u2019enfants. La premi\u00e8re explication est que l\u2019emploi et les heures travaill\u00e9es se r\u00e9tablissent plus rapidement dans les industries \u00e0 pr\u00e9dominance masculine; dans l\u2019ensemble, les hommes retournent au travail plus rapidement que les femmes. Deuxi\u00e8mement, il arrive souvent que le parent ayant le plus fort potentiel de revenu retourne au travail, tandis que l\u2019autre se concentrera sur la prestation de soins. \u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que les industries \u00e0 pr\u00e9dominance masculine ouvrent plus rapidement, le parent masculin a plus de chances de retrouver un emploi \u00e0 des heures presque r\u00e9guli\u00e8res et \u00e0 un revenu, presque r\u00e9gulier. M\u00eame si les femmes ont la possibilit\u00e9 de travailler plus d\u2019heures, elles peuvent ne pas \u00eatre en mesure de le faire en raison des obligations m\u00e9nag\u00e8res, qui semblent davantage incomber aux femmes qu\u2019aux hommes.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Schirle, T., & Skuterud, M. (2020, July 15). The moms are not all right. Intelligence Memos. Toronto, ON: C.D. Howe Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/intelligence-memos\/schirle-skuterud-%E2%80%93-moms-are-not-all-right\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/sites\/default\/files\/IM-Schirle-Skuterud_2020-0715.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using Labour Force Survey data on hours worked, the authors find that, on average, Canadians are working more hours in June compared to April (when hours worked were at their lowest point). However, women with young children are not returning to their pre-shutdown level of hours worked as quickly as their male counterparts, Canadians with older children, or those without children. The first explanation is that employment and hours worked are recovering more quickly in male-dominated industries; overall, men are returning to work faster than women. Second, often the parent with the highest earning potential will return to work while the other focuses on caregiving. Since male-dominated industries are opening more quickly, the male parent more likely has a job to return to at near regular hours (and income). Even if women can work more hours, they may not be able to because of household obligations, which appear to be falling more to women than to men. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Dicapua, A., Topping, J. et Tapp, S. (2020, 14 juillet). Le pire serait pass\u00e9, selon un sondage d\u2019EDC sur les effets de la COVID-19. Ottawa (Ontario) : Exportation et d\u00e9veloppement Canada (EDC).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.edc.ca\/fr\/blogue\/covid-19-resultats-du-sondage-estival.html\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Les entreprises s\u2019adaptent \u00e0 la COVID-19 en identifiant de nouvelles occasions d\u2019affaires ou en soutenant la lutte contre la pand\u00e9mie. Certaines ont r\u00e9orient\u00e9 la production vers de nouveaux produits et services ou donn\u00e9 la priorit\u00e9 aux produits actuellement tr\u00e8s demand\u00e9s. Toutefois, il est d\u00e9sormais \u00e9vident que les entreprises, surtout dans les secteurs les plus durement touch\u00e9s comme le tourisme, feront face \u00e0 des d\u00e9fis \u00e0 long terme. Dans un sondage men\u00e9 en mai 2020 aupr\u00e8s des exportateurs canadiens au sujet des d\u00e9fis que pose la COVID-19, EDC a constat\u00e9 qu\u2019avril \u00e9tait le mois le plus bas et que les choses commencent \u00e0 s\u2019am\u00e9liorer pour les exportateurs canadiens. Ils ont constat\u00e9 que 83 % des entreprises avaient compl\u00e8tement ou partiellement rouvert leurs portes. Le plus grand d\u00e9fi pour les entreprises qui font des affaires \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger est celui des restrictions de voyage. Dans l\u2019ensemble, l\u2019enqu\u00eate r\u00e9v\u00e8le que le pire est derri\u00e8re nous, mais que les exportateurs canadiens se pr\u00e9parent \u00e0 d\u2019\u00e9ventuelles r\u00e9percussions \u00e0 long terme dans un an ou plus, surtout en ce qui concerne leur capacit\u00e9 de faire des affaires \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur du Canada.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>DiCapua, A., Topping, J., & Tapp, S. (2020, July 14). EDC COVID-19 impact survey suggests the worst is behind us. Ottawa, ON: Export Development Canada (EDC).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.edc.ca\/en\/blog\/covid-19-edc-summer-survey-findings.html\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Businesses are adapting to COVID-19 by identifying new opportunities or lending support to the fight against the pandemic. Some have shifted production towards new products and services or prioritized current high-demand products. However, it is now clear that companies \u2014 especially in harder hit sectors such as tourism \u2014 will face long-term challenges. In a May 2020 survey of Canadian exporters about the challenges faced related to COVID-19, EDC found that April was the rock-bottom, and things are starting to improve for Canadian exporters. They found that 83% of business had fully or partially reopened. The biggest challenge to companies doing business outside of Canada is travel restrictions. Overall, the survey finds evidence that the worst is behind us but that Canadian exporters are preparing for possible long-term impacts a year or more from now, especially regarding their ability to do business outside of Canada.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Arriagada, P., Frank, K., Hahmann, T., & Hou, F. (2020, July 14). Economic impact of COVID-19 among Indigenous people. STATCAN COVID-19: Data to Insights for a Better Canada. Catalogue no. 45280001. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00052-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00052-eng.pdf?st=mao3eJ1X\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>From May 26 to June 8, Statistics Canada conducted a crowdsourcing survey that focused on the impact of COVID-19 on Canadians. This article uses data from this survey to investigate the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indigenous participants. Results suggest that Indigenous participants more often reported facing strong or moderate financial impacts of COVID-19 than non-Indigenous participants. In addition, Indigenous participants had lower levels of trust across all levels of government and public health authorities, in terms of reopening decisions, than non-Indigenous participants.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Arriagada, P., K. Frank, T. Hahmann et F. Hou. 14 juillet 2020. \u00ab R\u00e9percussions \u00e9conomiques de la COVID-19 chez les Autochtones \u00bb. STATCAN ET LA COVID-19 : Des donn\u00e9es aux connaissances, pour b\u00e2tir un Canada meilleur, no de catalogue 45280001, Ottawa, Ontario, Statistique Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00052-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/fr\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00052-fra.pdf?st=97l_jCMo\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Entre le 26 mai et le 8 juin, Statistique Canada a r\u00e9alis\u00e9 une collecte de donn\u00e9es selon l\u2019approche participative sur l\u2019impact de la COVID-19 sur les Canadiens. Cet article s\u2019appuie sur les donn\u00e9es issues de cette enqu\u00eate pour analyser l\u2019incidence \u00e9conomique de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 parmi les participants autochtones. D\u2019apr\u00e8s les r\u00e9sultats, ces derniers subiraient dans une plus forte proportion des cons\u00e9quences financi\u00e8res moyennes ou importantes en raison de la pand\u00e9mie, comparativement aux participants non autochtones. En outre, les participants autochtones auraient un niveau de confiance plus faible \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de l\u2019ensemble des ordres de gouvernement et des autorit\u00e9s de sant\u00e9 publique en ce qui a trait aux d\u00e9cisions de r\u00e9ouverture, par rapport aux participants non autochtones.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Gentilini, U. (BM), Almenfi, M. (BM) et Orton, I. (OIT) (2020, 10 juillet). Social Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19: A Real-Time Review of Country Measures (R\u00e9actions \u00e0 la COVID-19 en mati\u00e8re de protection sociale et d\u2019emploi : une revue en temps r\u00e9el des mesures nationales).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ugogentilini.net\/?p=974\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/454671594649637530\/pdf\/Social-Protection-and-Jobs-Responses-to-COVID-19-A-Real-Time-Review-of-Country-Measures.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document \u00e9volutif pr\u00e9par\u00e9 par la Banque mondiale et l\u2019Organisation internationale du travail pr\u00e9sente l\u2019\u00e9ventail des mesures de protection sociale qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 planifi\u00e9es ou mises en \u0153uvre par les gouvernements du monde entier pour att\u00e9nuer les cons\u00e9quences de la COVID-19. Les sources de donn\u00e9es de cet inventaire comprennent des informations officielles publi\u00e9es sur les sites web des gouvernements ou fournies directement par des experts locaux. Les auteurs ont l\u2019intention de mettre \u00e0 jour et de v\u00e9rifier l\u2019information de mani\u00e8re r\u00e9guli\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Gentilini, U., Almenfi, M., &amp; Orton, I. (2020, July 10). Social protection and jobs responses to COVID-19: A real-time review of country measures. Published online by Ugo Gentilini.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ugogentilini.net\/?p=974\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/454671594649637530\/pdf\/Social-Protection-and-Jobs-Responses-to-COVID-19-A-Real-Time-Review-of-Country-Measures.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Ugo Gentilini and Mohamed Almenfi, both of the World Bank, and Ian Orton of the International Labour Organization have teamed up with colleagues to document the range of social protection measures either planned or implemented by governments across the globe to mitigate the consequences of COVID-19. Data sources for this review include government websites, newspapers, official government twitter accounts and official information provided directly by country-based experts. The authors intend to update and verify the information on an ongoing basis, making this a \u201cliving paper.\u201d<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>OCDE. (2020, 7 juillet). OECD employment outlook 2020 : Worker security and the COVID-19 crisis (Perspectives de l\u2019emploi de l\u2019OCDE 2020 : La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des travailleurs et la crise de la COVID-19). Paris (France). Organisation de coop\u00e9ration et de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomiques.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/1686c758-en\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Afin d\u2019assurer la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des travailleurs et des entreprises touch\u00e9s par la COVID-19, les pays de l\u2019OCDE ont adopt\u00e9 diverses politiques de soutien du revenu et de l\u2019emploi, notamment des prestations de ch\u00f4mage \u00e9largies et des programmes subventionn\u00e9s de maintien de l\u2019emploi. \u00c0 mesure que les pays commencent \u00e0 assouplir les restrictions et \u00e0 reprendre leurs activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques et sociales, il est important de trouver un \u00e9quilibre entre le soutien et l\u2019encouragement de l\u2019activit\u00e9 commerciale. Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, les pays devront prendre des d\u00e9cisions cruciales dans quatre domaines pr\u00e9cis : 1) les r\u00e8gles relatives aux allocations de ch\u00f4mage, en particulier pour les travailleurs occupant des emplois atypiques; 2) la l\u00e9gislation sur la protection de l\u2019emploi et les r\u00e9formes pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des travailleurs, comme la limitation des licenciements et l\u2019ajout de protections pour les travailleurs sous contrat temporaire; 3) la polarisation des emplois et les changements d\u00e9mographiques; 4) les r\u00e9sultats sur le march\u00e9 du travail des jeunes dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s de l\u2019enseignement et de la formation professionnels.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>OECD. (2020, July 7). OECD employment outlook 2020: Worker security and the COVID-19 crisis. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/1686c758-en\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>To ensure the safety of workers and businesses affected by COVID-19, OECD countries responded with a variety of income- and employment-support policies, such as expanded unemployment benefits and subsidized job-retention programs. As countries begin to relax restrictions and return to economic and social activity, it is important to balance providing support with encouraging business activity. Specifically, countries will need to make critical decisions relating to four specific areas. These are as follows: 1) unemployment benefit rules, especially for workers in non-standard jobs; 2) employment protection legislation and reforms for worker security, such as restricting dismissals and adding protections for workers on temporary contracts; 3) job polarization and demographic changes, and 4) the labour market outcomes of young graduates from vocational education and training.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Hou, F.,  Frank, K., & Schimmele, C. (2020, July 6). Economic impact of COVID-19 among visible minority groups. STATCAN COVID-19: Data to Insights for a Better Canada. Catalogue no. 45280001. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00042-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00042-eng.pdf?st=Ygde7Br5\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This study examines if pre-existing high poverty rates among visible minority groups in Canada prior to the COVID-19 pandemic make them more vulnerable to its financial risk\/impact. Using the 2016 census and crowdsourced data, the report finds that a third of respondents who were working prior to the pandemic reported job loss or reduced work hours. White participants and visible minorities were equally likely to suffer job loss or reduced hours except for Filipinos and West Asians who reported higher shares, at 42% and 47%, respectively. However, the study finds that visible minority groups had higher shares of strong or moderate income losses compared to white respondents. After controlling for group differences in job loss, immigration status, pre-COVID employment status, education and other demographic characteristics, the gap between visible minorities and white populations decreased but was still large. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Hou, F., Frank, K. et Schimmele, C. (2020, 6 juillet). R\u00e9percussions \u00e9conomiques de la COVID-19 chez les groupes de minorit\u00e9 visible. STATCAN ET LA COVID-19 : Des donn\u00e9es aux connaissances, pour b\u00e2tir un Canada meilleur. No 45280001 au catalogue. Ottawa (Ontario). Statistique Canada, gouvernement du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00042-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00042-fra.pdf?st=Ygde7Br5\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Cette \u00e9tude examine si les taux \u00e9lev\u00e9s de pauvret\u00e9 pr\u00e9existants chez les groupes de minorit\u00e9s visibles au Canada avant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 les rendent plus vuln\u00e9rables aux risques financiers et aux r\u00e9percussions financi\u00e8res. \u00c0 l\u2019aide du Recensement de 2016 et des donn\u00e9es recueillies aupr\u00e8s du public, le rapport r\u00e9v\u00e8le qu\u2019un tiers des r\u00e9pondants qui travaillaient avant la pand\u00e9mie ont signal\u00e9 une perte d\u2019emploi ou une r\u00e9duction des heures de travail. Les participants de race blanche et les membres des minorit\u00e9s visibles \u00e9taient tout aussi susceptibles de perdre leur emploi ou de r\u00e9duire leurs heures de travail, sauf les Philippins et les Asiatiques de l\u2019Ouest qui ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 des pourcentages plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s, soit 42 % et 47 %, respectivement. Toutefois, l\u2019\u00e9tude r\u00e9v\u00e8le que les groupes de minorit\u00e9s visibles affichaient des pourcentages plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s de pertes de revenu fortes ou mod\u00e9r\u00e9es comparativement aux r\u00e9pondants de race blanche. Apr\u00e8s avoir tenu compte des diff\u00e9rences entre les groupes en mati\u00e8re de perte d\u2019emploi, de statut d\u2019immigration, de statut d\u2019emploi ant\u00e9rieur \u00e0 la COVID, de scolarit\u00e9 et d\u2019autres caract\u00e9ristiques d\u00e9mographiques, l\u2019\u00e9cart entre les minorit\u00e9s visibles et les populations blanches a diminu\u00e9, mais demeure encore important. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Nations Unies. (2020, 1er juillet). COVID-19 and tourism: Assessing the economic consequences (La COVID-19 et le tourisme : \u00c9valuer les cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques). Gen\u00e8ve (Suisse). Conf\u00e9rence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le d\u00e9veloppement (CNUCED).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/en\/PublicationsLibrary\/ditcinf2020d3_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document examine les effets \u00e9conomiques des mesures de confinement de la COVID-19 sur le tourisme. Il estime les co\u00fbts directs et indirects de la fermeture de 65 secteurs dans 65 pays et r\u00e9gions. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale, les pertes dans le sc\u00e9nario le plus optimiste de r\u00e9duction du tourisme sont estim\u00e9es \u00e0 1,17 billion de dollars am\u00e9ricains, ce qui repr\u00e9sente environ 1,5 % du PIB mondial. En outre, les estimations des pertes d\u2019emplois dans le secteur du tourisme varient entre 10 % et 40 % selon le pays et la gravit\u00e9 du choc. Ce document plaide \u00e9galement en faveur d\u2019une aide gouvernementale \u00e0 l\u2019industrie du tourisme pour att\u00e9nuer le coup.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>United Nations. (2020, July 1). COVID-19 and tourism: Assessing the economic consequences. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/en\/PublicationsLibrary\/ditcinf2020d3_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper looks at the economic effects on tourism from COVID-19 lockdown measures. It estimates both the direct and indirect costs of border shutdowns for 65 sectors across 65 countries and regions. Globally, losses in the most optimistic tourism reduction scenario are estimated to be $1.17 trillion USD, which comprises approximately 1.5% of global GDP. Furthermore, estimates of employment losses in the tourism sector range between 10% and 40% depending on the country and the severity of the shock. This paper also makes a case for government assistance to the tourism industry to lessen the blow. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Chernoff, A. W. et Warman, C. (2020, juillet). COVID-19 and implications for automation (La COVID-19 et ses r\u00e9percussions sur l\u2019automatisation). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27249, Cambridge (Massachussetts).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27249\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27249.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce rapport constate que l\u2019automatisation des emplois pourrait \u00eatre acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e si les employeurs investissent dans la technologie pour \u00e9viter les effets de la COVID-19 et d\u2019\u00e9ventuelles futures pand\u00e9mies sur leurs processus de production. \u00c0 l\u2019aide de l\u2019information tir\u00e9e de la base de donn\u00e9es O*NET, les auteurs identifient les march\u00e9s du travail et les groupes d\u00e9mographiques locaux des \u00c9tats-Unis qui sont plus vuln\u00e9rables \u00e0 l\u2019automatisation en raison des risques plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s de transmission d\u2019infections. Leurs r\u00e9sultats sugg\u00e8rent que les femmes sont confront\u00e9es \u00e0 des risques plus importants, notamment les femmes ayant un niveau d\u2019\u00e9ducation moyen dans les secteurs des soins de sant\u00e9, de l\u2019administration et des services. Les r\u00e9sultats indiquent \u00e9galement que les r\u00e9gions du centre des \u00c9tats-Unis pr\u00e9sentent la plus forte concentration d\u2019emplois pr\u00e9sentant un potentiel d\u2019automatisation.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Chernoff, A. W., & Warman, C. (2020, July). COVID-19 and implications for automation. NBER Working Paper 27249. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27249\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27249.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This report finds that the automation of jobs may be accelerated if employers invest in technology to avoid the effects of COVID-19 and potential future pandemics on their production processes. Using information from the O*NET database, the authors identify local U.S. labour markets and demographic groups that are more vulnerable to automation due to higher infection transmission risks. Their results suggest that women face larger risks, notably mid-educated women in healthcare, administrative, and service occupations. The results also indicate that American Heartland regions have the highest concentration of jobs with automation potential.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Fairlie, R. W. (2020, juillet). The impact of COVID-19 on small business owners: Continued losses and the partial rebound in May 2020 (L\u2019incidence de la COVID-19 sur les propri\u00e9taires de petites entreprises : Pertes continues et reprise partielle en mai 2020). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27462, Cambridge (Massachussetts).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27462\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27462.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>En avril 2020, 22 % des propri\u00e9taires de petites entreprises aux \u00c9tats-Unis \u00e9taient inactifs. \u00c0 l\u2019aide des donn\u00e9es de la Current Population Survey (CPS), l\u2019auteur d\u00e9montre un rebondissement partiel en mai 2020. \u00c0 partir du creux de 22 % enregistr\u00e9 en avril, le nombre de propri\u00e9taires d\u2019entreprises actives a grimp\u00e9 de 7 % pour atteindre 15 %. Dans l\u2019ensemble, les propri\u00e9taires d\u2019entreprises afro-am\u00e9ricaines continuent d\u2019\u00eatre les plus durement touch\u00e9s par la COVID-19, avec une baisse de 26 % de l\u2019activit\u00e9 commerciale par rapport aux niveaux ant\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 la COVID-19. Les propri\u00e9taires d\u2019entreprises latino-am\u00e9ricaines ont connu une baisse de 19 %, et pour les propri\u00e9taires d\u2019entreprises asiatiques, la baisse a \u00e9t\u00e9 de 21 %. Les entreprises appartenant \u00e0 des immigrants ont \u00e9galement subi des pertes importantes, en baisse de 25 % par rapport \u00e0 f\u00e9vrier 2020.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Fairlie, R. W. (2020, July). The impact of COVID-19 on small business owners: Continued losses and the partial rebound in May 2020. NBER Working Paper 27462. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27462\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27462.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>In April 2020, 22% of small business owners in the United States were inactive. Using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), the author demonstrates a partial rebound in May 2020. From April\u2019s low of 22%, the number of active business owners climbed by 7% to 15%. Overall, African-American business owners continue to be the hardest hit by COVID-19 with a drop of 26% in business activity from pre-COVID-19 levels. Latinx business owners saw a drop of 19%, and for Asian business owners the drop was 21%. Immigrant business owners also experienced substantial losses, with a drop of 25% from February 2020. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Andrew, A., Cattan, S., Costa Dias, M., Farquharson, C., Kraftman, L. Krutikova, S., Phimister, A., & Sevilla, A. (2020, July). The gendered division of paid and domestic work under lockdown. IZA Discussion Paper 13500. Bonn, Germany: IZA Institute of Labor Economics.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iza.org\/publications\/dp\/13500\/the-gendered-division-of-paid-and-domestic-work-under-lockdown\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/ftp.iza.org\/dp13500.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper uses a sample of parents in England living in two-parent opposite-gender families and examines the gendered division of paid and domestic work. Before the pandemic, women were less likely than men to be in paid work and were more likely to spend more time doing housework and childcare. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, mothers are more likely than fathers to lose their job and, among those who still work, mothers spend less time on paid work and more time on childcare. While fathers have increased the amount of time spent on childcare during the lockdown, it is still mothers who take on the bulk of childcare and domestic work. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Andrew, A., S. Cattan, M. Costa Dias, C. Farquharson, L. Kraftman, S. Krutikova, A. Phimister et A. Sevilla. Juillet 2020. The gendered division of paid and domestic work under lockdown, document de travail IZA 13500, Bonn, Allemagne, Institut IZA d\u2019\u00e9conomie du travail.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iza.org\/publications\/dp\/13500\/the-gendered-division-of-paid-and-domestic-work-under-lockdown\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/ftp.iza.org\/dp13500.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document s\u2019appuie sur un \u00e9chantillon de parents en Angleterre, de familles \u00e0 deux parents de sexe oppos\u00e9, et porte sur la division du travail r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9 et du travail m\u00e9nager selon le sexe. Avant le d\u00e9but de la pand\u00e9mie, les femmes \u00e9taient moins susceptibles que les hommes d\u2019avoir un travail r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9, et plus susceptibles de passer plus de temps \u00e0 faire du travail m\u00e9nager et \u00e0 s\u2019occuper des enfants. La pand\u00e9mie fait en sorte que les m\u00e8res de famille sont plus \u00e0 risque que les p\u00e8res de famille de perdre leur emploi et, parmi celles qui travaillent encore, les m\u00e8res consacrent moins de temps \u00e0 un travail r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9 et plus de temps \u00e0 s\u2019occuper de leurs enfants. Bien que le temps que consacrent les p\u00e8res \u00e0 la garde des enfants ait augment\u00e9 durant le confinement, les m\u00e8res demeurent celles qui assument la majeure partie des responsabilit\u00e9s de garde d\u2019enfants et de travail m\u00e9nager.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>B\u00e9land, L.-P., Fakorede, O. et D. Mikola, Short-term effect of COVID-19 on self-employed workers in Canada [Effets \u00e0 court terme de la COVID-19 sur les travailleurs autonomes au Canada \u2013 trad.], Analyse de politiques, juillet 2020, vol.  46, no 1, pp. 66\u201381.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-076\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cette publication traite de l\u2019effet \u00e0 court terme de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 sur les travailleurs autonomes au Canada, soit les personnes consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme propri\u00e9taires de petites entreprises qui pourraient ne jamais se relever de la crise. Les auteurs utilisent les donn\u00e9es de l\u2019Enqu\u00eate sur la population active et rend compte d\u2019une diminution de l\u2019ordre de 14,8 % et de 10,1 % de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019entreprises constitu\u00e9es en soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et non constitu\u00e9es en soci\u00e9t\u00e9, respectivement, entre f\u00e9vrier et mai 2020. Cette diminution se r\u00e9partit comme suit : pour ce qui est des immigrants, &#8211; 16,1 %; des femmes, &#8211; 12,9 %; et des personnes moins scolaris\u00e9es, &#8211; 17,8 %. Les cat\u00e9gories d\u2019emploi ayant connu la plus forte diminution du nombre de petites entreprises ont \u00e9t\u00e9 dans les domaines des arts, de la culture et des loisirs; puis dans l\u2019enseignement, les professions juridiques et sociales, les services communautaires et gouvernementaux; et enfin, dans le secteur des ventes et des services.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Beland, L.-P., Fakorede, O., & Mikola, D. (2020, July). Short-term effect of COVID-19 on self-employed workers in Canada. Canadian Public Policy, 46(S1), S66\u2013S81.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-076\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper studies the short-term effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-employed individuals in Canada \u2014 those interpreted as small business owners, who may never recover from the crisis. The paper uses the Labour Force Survey to document a 14.8% and 10.1% drop in business ownership for incorporated and unincorporated entities, respectively, between February and May of this year. There has been a substantial decrease in business ownership for immigrants (\u201316.1%), women (\u201312.9%) and less-educated individuals (\u201317.8%). The occupational categories that experienced the largest decline in the number of small businesses are in art, culture, and recreation; education, law, and social, community and government services; and sales and service occupations.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Chetty R., Friedman J., Hendren N., et Stepner M. (2020, 17 juin). How Did COVID-19 and Stabilization Policies Affect Spending and Employment? A New Real-Time Economic Tracker Based on Private Sector Data (Comment la COVID-19 et les politiques de stabilisation ont-elles influ\u00e9 sur les d\u00e9penses et l\u2019emploi? Un nouveau suivi \u00e9conomique en temps r\u00e9el fond\u00e9 sur les donn\u00e9es du secteur priv\u00e9. Centre Mossavar-Rahmani pour les entreprises et le gouvernement de la Harvard Kennedy School.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/centers\/mrcbg\/programs\/growthpolicy\/real-time-economics-new-platform-track-impacts-covid-19-people\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/opportunityinsights.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/tracker_paper.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Dans cet article, les auteurs abordent les d\u00e9fis auxquels sont confront\u00e9s les d\u00e9cideurs politiques pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19, en construisant une plateforme librement accessible. La plateforme suit l\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique \u00e0 un niveau granulaire en temps r\u00e9el \u00e0 l\u2019aide de donn\u00e9es anonymes provenant d\u2019entreprises priv\u00e9es am\u00e9ricaines. Ils pr\u00e9sentent plus particuli\u00e8rement des statistiques hebdomadaires sur les d\u00e9penses de consommation, les revenus des entreprises, les taux d\u2019emploi et d\u2019autres indicateurs cl\u00e9s ventil\u00e9s par comt\u00e9, secteur d\u2019activit\u00e9 et groupe de revenus. L\u2019auto-isolement motiv\u00e9 par des pr\u00e9occupations sanitaires a entra\u00een\u00e9 une r\u00e9duction marqu\u00e9e des niveaux de consommation. Cependant, les r\u00e9ouvertures de l\u2019\u00e9conomie ordonn\u00e9es par l\u2019\u00c9tat n\u2019ont eu que peu d\u2019effets sur l\u2019emploi local. Les pr\u00eats du programme de protection des salaires ont \u00e9galement eu peu d\u2019incidence sur la consommation et l\u2019emploi dans les petites entreprises. Leur analyse sugg\u00e8re qu\u2019il pourrait \u00eatre plus utile d\u2019att\u00e9nuer les difficult\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques par l\u2019assurance sociale pendant une pand\u00e9mie.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Hendren, N., & Stepner, M. (2020, June 17). How did COVID-19 and stabilization policies affect spending and employment? A new real-time economic tracker based on private sector data. Cambridge, MA: Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business & Government, Harvard Kennedy School.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/centers\/mrcbg\/programs\/growthpolicy\/real-time-economics-new-platform-track-impacts-covid-19-people\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/opportunityinsights.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/tracker_paper.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>In this paper, the authors address the challenges faced by policymakers during the COVID-19 pandemic by building a freely accessible platform. The platform tracks economic activity at a granular level in real time using anonymized data from private US companies. Specifically, the report includes weekly statistics on consumer spending, business revenues, employment rates and other key indicators disaggregated by county, industry and income group. Self-isolation driven by health concerns caused a sharp reduction in consumption levels. However, state-ordered re-openings of the economy have had little impact on local employment. Paycheck Protection Program loans have also had little impact on consumption and employment for small businesses. The analysis suggests that it may be more helpful to mitigate economic hardship during a pandemic through social insurance.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>OCDE. (2020, 12 juin). COVID-19 and International Trade: Issues and Actions (La COVID-19 et le commerce international : enjeux et mesures). Paris.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/covid-19-and-international-trade-issues-and-actions-494da2fa\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/read.oecd-ilibrary.org\/view\/?ref=128_128542-3ijg8kfswh&title=COVID-19-and-international-trade-issues-and-actions\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce rapport de l\u2019OCDE recommande quatre mesures que les pays peuvent prendre pour assurer la fluidit\u00e9 du commerce international pendant la COVID-19. La premi\u00e8re mesure recommand\u00e9e consiste \u00e0 renforcer la confiance dans le commerce et les march\u00e9s internationaux en am\u00e9liorant la transparence des mesures et des intentions en mati\u00e8re de politique commerciale. La deuxi\u00e8me mesure consiste \u00e0 veiller \u00e0 ce que les cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement continuent de circuler, en particulier pour les produits essentiels comme les produits de sant\u00e9 et les denr\u00e9es alimentaires. La troisi\u00e8me consiste \u00e0 \u00e9viter les restrictions inutiles \u00e0 l\u2019exportation et les autres obstacles au commerce, car ces mesures ne feront qu\u2019aggraver la situation. La quatri\u00e8me et derni\u00e8re mesure recommand\u00e9e est de penser au-del\u00e0 de l\u2019imm\u00e9diat, m\u00eame au milieu d\u2019une crise comme celle-ci. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>OECD. (2020, June 12). COVID-19 and international trade: Issues and actions. OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/coronavirus\/policy-responses\/covid-19-and-international-trade-issues-and-actions-494da2fa\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/read.oecd-ilibrary.org\/view\/?ref=128_128542-3ijg8kfswh&title=COVID-19-and-international-trade-issues-and-actions\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This report from the OECD recommends four actions that countries can take to ensure that international trade keeps flowing during COVID-19. First, raise confidence in trade and international markets by improving transparency about trade-related policy actions and intentions. Second, ensure that supply chains continue to flow, especially for essentials such as health supplies and food. Third, avoid unnecessary export restrictions and other trade barriers since they will make the situation worse. Finally, think beyond the immediate, even in the midst of a crisis such as this one. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Bennedsen, M., Larsen, B., Schmutte, I., & Scur, D. (2020, June 9). Preserving job matches during the COVID-19 pandemic: Firm-level evidence on the role of government aid. COVID Economics: Vetted and Real-Time Papers, 27, 1\u201330. London, UK: Centre for Economic Policy and Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/cepr.org\/content\/covid-economics-vetted-and-real-time-papers-0\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper looks at the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on firms taking up government aid. Using a sample of Danish firms, the authors found that the most common type of aid package included support for furloughed workers and delays in tax payments. In general, firms receiving aid report more temporary and fewer permanent layoffs compared to firms not taking up government aid. Furthermore, the type of aid received by firms affected their reactions. Firms that took labour aid reported lower permanent layoffs and more furloughs, while firms that took cost aid reported both lower permanent layoffs and lower furloughs.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Bennedsen, M., Larsen, B., Schmutte, I., et Scur, D. (2020, 9 juin). Preserving job matches during the COVID-19 pandemic: Firm-level evidence on the role of government aid (Pr\u00e9server les emplois pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 : Preuves au niveau de l\u2019entreprise sur le r\u00f4le de l\u2019aide gouvernementale). Covid Economics Vetted and Real-Time Papers, publication no 27, p. 1 \u00e0 30. Londres (Royaume Uni), Centre for Economic Policy and Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/cepr.org\/content\/covid-economics-vetted-and-real-time-papers-0\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document examine les incidences de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 sur les entreprises qui b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d\u2019une aide gouvernementale. \u00c0 partir d\u2019un \u00e9chantillon d\u2019entreprises danoises, les auteurs constatent que le type d\u2019aide le plus souvent utilis\u00e9 comprend le soutien aux travailleurs en cong\u00e9 et les retards dans le paiement des imp\u00f4ts. En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, les entreprises qui ont re\u00e7u une aide signalent davantage de mises \u00e0 pied temporaires et moins de mises \u00e0 pied permanentes que les entreprises qui n\u2019ont pas b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 d\u2019une aide gouvernementale. En outre, le type d\u2019aide utilis\u00e9e par les entreprises influe sur leurs r\u00e9actions. Les entreprises qui ont b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 d\u2019une aide au travail signalent moins de mises \u00e0 pied permanentes et plus de cong\u00e9s, tandis que les entreprises qui ont opt\u00e9 pour une aide aux co\u00fbts d\u00e9clarent \u00e0 la fois moins de mises \u00e0 pied permanentes et moins de cong\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Stanford, J. (2020, 3 juin). 10 ways the COVID-19 pandemic must change work for good (10 fa\u00e7ons dont la pand\u00e9mie COVID-19 doit changer le travail pour de bon). Ottawa (Ontario), Centre canadien de politiques alternatives<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/publications\/reports\/10-ways-covid-19-must-change-work\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/National%20Office\/2020\/06\/10Ways_work_must_change.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document recense dix changements qui permettront \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de se reconstruire apr\u00e8s la pand\u00e9mie. Ces dix changements sont les suivants\u00a0: 1. garantir des pratiques et de l\u2019\u00e9quipement de sant\u00e9 et de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 ad\u00e9quats dans les lieux de travail; 2. reconfigurer les relations entre les lieux de travail; 3. fournir des cong\u00e9s de maladie pay\u00e9s ad\u00e9quats et d\u2019autres mesures de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du revenu; 4. veiller \u00e0 ce que le travail \u00e0 domicile se d\u00e9roule de fa\u00e7on \u00e9quitable, s\u00fbre et durable; 5. limiter les pratiques d\u2019emploi pr\u00e9caire et fournir un soutien d\u00e9cent aux travailleurs ayant des conditions de travail pr\u00e9caires; 6. se r\u00e9jouir de l\u2019augmentation in\u00e9vitable du nombre d\u2019emplois dans l\u2019ensemble des fonctions et des services du secteur public; 7. r\u00e9duire le recours aux strat\u00e9gies de gestion, de dotation et de logistique \u00ab\u2009juste \u00e0 temps\u2009\u00bb; 8. reconfigurer l\u2019approche du Canada en mati\u00e8re de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du revenu; 9. revaloriser le travail des professions qui se sont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9es essentielles au bien-\u00eatre et \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du public pendant la pand\u00e9mie; 10. assurer des structures ad\u00e9quates de voix, de repr\u00e9sentation et de pouvoir de n\u00e9gociation pour les travailleurs.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Stanford, J. (2020, June 3). 10 ways the COVID-19 pandemic must change work for good. Vancouver, BC: Centre for Future Work\/Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/publications\/reports\/10-ways-covid-19-must-change-work\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/National%20Office\/2020\/06\/10Ways_work_must_change.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper identifies ten changes that will allow society to rebuild after the pandemic: 1) guaranteeing proper health and safety practices and equipment in workplaces; 2) reconfiguring the relationships of workplaces; 3) providing adequate paid sick leave and other income security; 4) ensuring that work from home occurs in a fair, safe, sustainable manner; 5) limiting precarious employment practices and providing decent supports to workers in insecure work arrangements; 6) welcoming the inevitable increase in the quantity of jobs in the full range of public sector functions and services; 7) reducing reliance on \u201cjust-in-time\u201d management, staffing and logistics strategies; 8) reconfiguring Canada\u2019s approach to income security; 9) revaluing the work of those occupations proven to be essential to public welfare and safety during the pandemic; 10) ensuring adequate structures of voice, representation and bargaining power for workers.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>McKinsey & Company (2020, 1 juin). COVID-19: Briefing materials. Global health and crisis response (Documents d'information. Sant\u00e9 mondiale et r\u00e9ponse aux crises). New York (New York), McKinsey & Company.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/risk\/our-insights\/covid-19-implications-for-business\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/~\/media\/McKinsey\/Business%20Functions\/Risk\/Our%20Insights\/COVID%2019%20Implications%20for%20business\/COVID%2019%20May%2027\/COVID-19-Facts-and-Insights-June-1-vF.ashx\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>(<em>en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Comme de nombreuses r\u00e9gions ont lev\u00e9 les mesures de sant\u00e9 publique et relanc\u00e9 leur \u00e9conomie, les incertitudes entourant la r\u00e9duction des cas de COVID-19 pourraient persister. Tant l\u2019Organisation mondiale de la Sant\u00e9 que les centres pour le contr\u00f4le et la pr\u00e9vention des maladies des \u00c9tats-Unis indiquent la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019une r\u00e9surgence de la COVID-19 \u00e0 l\u2019automne. \u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019un vaccin est encore confront\u00e9 \u00e0 de grandes incertitudes, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de conseil Mckinsey &amp; Company conseille aux entreprises et aux gouvernements d\u2019envisager de passer \u00e0 l\u2019Internet et de fixer des normes pour les lieux de travail \u00e0 distance au cours des 18 \u00e0 24 prochains mois. Il est essentiel d\u2019adapter la vitesse et la discipline pendant la crise, tout en surveillant l\u2019environnement et en tirant des enseignements pour limiter l\u2019incertitude plus rapidement qu\u2019auparavant et renforcer les capacit\u00e9s de la \u00ab prochaine normalit\u00e9 \u00bb.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>McKinsey & Company. (2020, June 1). COVID-19: Briefing materials. Global health and crisis response. New York, NY: McKinsey & Company.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/risk\/our-insights\/covid-19-implications-for-business\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/~\/media\/McKinsey\/Business%20Functions\/Risk\/Our%20Insights\/COVID%2019%20Implications%20for%20business\/COVID%2019%20May%2027\/COVID-19-Facts-and-Insights-June-1-vF.ashx\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>As many regions lift public health measures and restart their economies, uncertainties around COVID-19 case reduction might persist. Both the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention predict a possible COVID-19 resurgence in the fall. Since the development of a vaccine is still uncertain, McKinsey &amp; Company advises companies and governments to consider shifting online and setting remote workplace norms for the next 18\u201324 months. It is crucial to adapt with speed and discipline during the pandemic, while monitoring and learning from the environment to overcome uncertainty faster and build capabilities for the \u201cnext normal.\u201d<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Brodeur, A., Gray, D., Islam, A., Bhuiyan, S. J. (2020, juin). A literature review of the economics of COVID-19 (Analyse documentaire de l\u2019\u00e9conomie de la COVID-19). Document de travail IZA no 13411. Bonn, Allemagne : IZA Institute of Labor Economics.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/ftp.iza.org\/dp13411.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce sondage examine la documentation \u00e9mergente sur les cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques de la COVID-19 et les r\u00e9ponses gouvernementales qui en d\u00e9coulent. Les auteurs se concentrent sur le travail, la sant\u00e9, le genre, la discrimination et les cons\u00e9quences environnementales, et discutent des mesures de distanciation sociale et de diverses propositions de politiques.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Brodeur, A., Gray, D., Islam, A., Bhuiyan, S. J. (2020, June). A literature review of the economics of COVID-19. IZA Discussion Paper 13411. Bonn, Germany: IZA Institute of Labor Economics.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/ftp.iza.org\/dp13411.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This survey investigates the emerging literature on the economic consequences of COVID-19 and the resulting government responses. The authors focus on labour, health, gender, discrimination and environmental consequences as well as discussing measures of social distancing and various policy proposals. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Cavallo A. (2020, juin). Inflation with COVID Consumption Baskets (Inflation avec les paniers de consommation COVID). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27352, Cambridge (Massachussetts).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27352\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27352.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Les sch\u00e9mas de d\u00e9penses de consommation ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fortement perturb\u00e9s par les restrictions et les politiques de distanciation sociale dans de nombreux pays. L\u2019auteur tente de d\u00e9montrer la mesure du biais dans les indices des prix \u00e0 la consommation (IPC) utilis\u00e9s pour mesurer l\u2019inflation. En utilisant des estimations obtenues \u00e0 partir des transactions par carte de cr\u00e9dit et de d\u00e9bit aux \u00c9tats-Unis, l\u2019auteur montre que le panier le plus consomm\u00e9 pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 a plus d\u2019inflation que l\u2019IPC officiel. La diff\u00e9rence est importante et augmente au fil du temps, car les consommateurs d\u00e9pensent davantage pour les aliments et les cat\u00e9gories semblables qui connaissent l\u2019inflation, et moins pour le transport et les cat\u00e9gories connexes avec une d\u00e9flation importante.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Cavallo, A. (2020, June). Inflation with COVID consumption baskets. NBER Working Paper 27352. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27352\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27352.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Consumer expenditure patterns have been greatly disrupted by the lockdowns and social-distancing policies in many countries. In this article, the author attempts to demonstrate bias measurement in the Consumer Price Indices (CPIs) used to measure inflation. Using estimates obtained from US credit and debit card transactions, the author shows that the basket mostly consumed during the COVID-19 pandemic experienced more inflation than the official CPI. The difference is large and growing over time as consumers spend more on food and similar categories currently experiencing inflation, and less on transportation and related categories with significant deflation.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Galasso, V., Pons, V., Profeta, P., Becher, M., Brouard, S., & Foucault, M. (2020, June). Gender differences in COVID-19 related attitudes and behavior: Evidence from a panel survey in eight OECD countries. NBER Working Paper 27359. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27359\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27359.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using data from two waves of a survey conducted in March and April 2020 in eight OECD countries, the authors found that women are more likely to see COVID-19 as a very serious health problem. The gender differences in attitudes and behaviours were significant in all countries and remained robust after controlling for various sociodemographic, employment and behavioural factors. These results carry important public policy implications since the behavioural changes needed to prevent COVID-19 diffusion, such as reduced mobility or wearing masks, might be the \u201cnew normal.\u201d<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Galasso, V., Pons, V., Profeta, P., Becher, M., Brouard, S., et Foucault, M. (2020, juin). Gender Differences in COVID-19 Related Attitudes and Behavior: Evidence from a Panel Survey in Eight OECD Countries (Les diff\u00e9rences entre les sexes dans les attitudes et les comportements li\u00e9s \u00e0 la COVID-19 : R\u00e9sultats d\u2019une enqu\u00eate par panel dans huit pays de l\u2019OCDE). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27359, Cambridge (Massachussetts).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27359\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27359.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019article constate que les femmes sont plus susceptibles de consid\u00e9rer la COVID-19 comme un probl\u00e8me de sant\u00e9 tr\u00e8s grave. Les auteurs ont utilis\u00e9 les donn\u00e9es de deux vagues d\u2019une enqu\u00eate men\u00e9e en mars et avril 2020 dans huit pays de l\u2019OCDE. Les diff\u00e9rences d\u2019attitudes et de comportements entre les sexes \u00e9taient significatives dans tous les pays et robustes apr\u00e8s prise en compte de diff\u00e9rents facteurs sociod\u00e9mographiques, d\u2019emploi et de comportement. Ces r\u00e9sultats peuvent avoir d\u2019importantes r\u00e9percussions sur les mesures de politique publique n\u00e9cessaires pour emp\u00eacher la propagation de la COVID-19, puisque les changements de comportement comme la mobilit\u00e9 r\u00e9duite ou le port de masques pourraient devoir \u00eatre la \u00ab\u2009nouvelle norme\u2009\u00bb.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Holland, K. (2020, juin). Canada's Food Security During the COVID-19 Pandemic (La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire du Canada pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19). The School of Public Policy Publications, 13.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyschool.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Food-Security-Holland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Comme l\u2019explique le rapport, les d\u00e9fis caus\u00e9s par la COVID-19 ont mis en \u00e9vidence des vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s dans la cha\u00eene d\u2019approvisionnement alimentaire. Depuis le mois de mars, du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la demande, on s\u2019inqui\u00e8te de l\u2019achat de biens par panique et de l\u2019\u00e9volution des habitudes de consommation. Du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l\u2019offre, le groupe le plus touch\u00e9 est celui des agriculteurs. Tout d\u2019abord, la r\u00e9duction de la capacit\u00e9 des installations de transformation de la viande a g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des goulots d\u2019\u00e9tranglement qui ont emp\u00each\u00e9 le b\u00e9tail d\u2019atteindre le march\u00e9, ce qui a entra\u00een\u00e9 une perte de revenu pour ces agriculteurs. Deuxi\u00e8mement, le calendrier est tr\u00e8s important en agriculture : les cultures doivent \u00eatre plant\u00e9es et cultiv\u00e9es \u00e0 des moments pr\u00e9cis de l\u2019ann\u00e9e et ne peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9colt\u00e9es avant la fin du processus. Les p\u00e9nuries de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre et d\u2019approvisionnement ont entra\u00een\u00e9 des retards. Dans l\u2019ensemble, cela cr\u00e9e une plus grande incertitude pour les agriculteurs et augmente leurs risques financiers. Le rapport demande aux d\u00e9cideurs de s\u2019attaquer \u00e0 l\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire des Canadiens et \u00e0 l\u2019incertitude financi\u00e8re des agriculteurs \u00e0 long terme.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Holland, K. L. (2020, June). Canada\u2019s food security during the COVID-19 pandemic. SPP Research Paper, 13(13). Calgary, AB: The Simpson Centre for Agricultural and Food Innovation and Public Education, The School of Public Policy, University of Calgary.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyschool.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Food-Security-Holland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>As the report explains, challenges caused by COVID-19 have highlighted vulnerabilities in the food supply chain. Since March, the demand side has seen panic-buying of goods and changes in consumption patterns. On the supply side, farmers are the most impacted group. First, reduced capacity at meat processing facilities generated bottlenecks that prevented livestock from reaching market, an income loss for farmers. Second, timing is critical in farming. Crops must be planted and cultivated at specific times of the year, of course, and cannot be harvested until the process is complete. Labour and supply shortages have also led to delays. Overall, this generates greater uncertainty for farmers and increases their financial risks. The report calls on policy makers to address the food insecurity of Canadians and the financial uncertainty of farmers in the long-term.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Lemieux, T., Milligan, K., Schirle, T., & Skuterud, M. (2020, June). Initial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Canadian labour market. Spring\u2013Summer 2020, Working Paper 26. Waterloo, ON: Canadian Labour Economics Forum.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/clef.uwaterloo.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/CLEF-26_2020-Spring-Summer-Lemieux-et-al.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has induced sharp declines in economic activity, unprecedented in recorded economic history. Data from the Labour Force Survey show a 32% drop in aggregate weekly hours worked between February and April 2020 for workers aged 20\u201364, as well as a 15% drop in employment for the same group. In addition, almost half of all job losses occurred to workers whose earnings lay in the bottom quartile of wage distribution. Workers in public-face occupations such as food services and accommodation, workers who are younger, and workers paid hourly bore a disproportionate share of job losses. From a policy perspective, regulations about safe work \u2014 especially for those with the least bargaining power \u2014 policies that address childcare needs, and finding the right balance between income support and economic incentives to work are essential to an efficient, successful recovery.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Lemieux, T., Milligan, K., Schirle, T., et Skuterud, M. (2020, juin). Initial Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Canadian labour market (R\u00e9percussions initiales de la pand\u00e9mie COVID-19 sur le march\u00e9 du travail canadien). S\u00e9rie de documents de travail du Canadian Labour Economics Forum, no 26.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/clef.uwaterloo.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/CLEF-26_2020-Spring-Summer-Lemieux-et-al.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>La pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 a provoqu\u00e9 un fort d\u00e9clin de l\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique, sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent dans l\u2019histoire \u00e9conomique. Les donn\u00e9es de l\u2019Enqu\u00eate sur la population active montrent une baisse de 32\u00a0% du nombre total d\u2019heures hebdomadaires travaill\u00e9es entre f\u00e9vrier et avril 2020 pour les travailleurs \u00e2g\u00e9s de 20 \u00e0 64 ans, ainsi qu\u2019une baisse de 15\u00a0% de l\u2019emploi pour le m\u00eame groupe. En outre, pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 de toutes les pertes d\u2019emploi ont touch\u00e9 des travailleurs dont les revenus se situaient dans le quartile inf\u00e9rieur de la r\u00e9partition des salaires. Les travailleurs des secteurs publics, comme la restauration et l\u2019h\u00e9bergement, les jeunes et les travailleurs r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019heure ont subi une part disproportionn\u00e9e des pertes d\u2019emploi. Sous l\u2019angle des politiques, de la r\u00e9glementation sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 au travail \u2014 en particulier pour les travailleurs qui ont le moins de pouvoir de n\u00e9gociation \u2014 des politiques qui r\u00e9pondent aux besoins en mati\u00e8re de garde d\u2019enfants et la recherche d\u2019un juste \u00e9quilibre entre l\u2019aide au revenu et les mesures incitatives \u00e9conomiques au travail sont essentielles \u00e0 une reprise efficace et r\u00e9ussie.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Lin, P. Z., & Meissner, C. M. (2020, June). A note on long-run persistence of public health outcomes in pandemics. NBER Working Paper 27119. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27119\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27119.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using data from U.S. cities, along with a sample of other countries, the authors find a negative correlation between the health outcomes (such as mortality rates) for the COVID-19 and Spanish flu pandemics. Places relatively unaffected by the Spanish flu in 1918 were more likely affected during the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic and still have higher mortality months later. The authors also suggest that the political climate can affect health outcomes, specifically through preparedness and access to resources. As a lesson from history, places most affected by SARS in 2002, such as East Asian nations, learned the importance of pandemic preparedness, which appears to have positively influenced their preparedness for COVID-19.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Lin, P.Z., et Meissner, C. M. (2020, juin). A Note on Long-Run Persistence of Public Health Outcomes in Pandemics (Une note sur la persistance \u00e0 long terme des r\u00e9sultats en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9 publique dans les pand\u00e9mies). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27119, Cambridge (Massachussetts).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27119\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27119.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>(en anglais seulement)<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 l\u2019aide de donn\u00e9es sur les villes des \u00c9tats-Unis, et un \u00e9chantillon de pays, les auteurs ont trouv\u00e9 des preuves qu\u2019il existe une corr\u00e9lation n\u00e9gative entre les r\u00e9sultats sur la sant\u00e9 (comme les taux de mortalit\u00e9) pour les pand\u00e9mies de COVID-19 et de grippe espagnole. Ce qui signifie que les endroits relativement peu touch\u00e9s par la grippe espagnole en 1918 sur le plan de la mortalit\u00e9 \u00e9taient plus susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre touch\u00e9s au cours des premiers mois de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 et pr\u00e9sentent aujourd\u2019hui une mortalit\u00e9 plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e. Ils sugg\u00e8rent \u00e9galement que le climat politique peut avoir une incidence sur les r\u00e9sultats en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9, en particulier par la pr\u00e9paration et l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux ressources. L\u2019histoire nous a appris que les endroits (comme les pays de l\u2019Asie de l\u2019Est) qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 les plus touch\u00e9s par le SRAS en 2002 ont compris l\u2019importance de la pr\u00e9paration et semblent avoir eu une influence positive sur la pr\u00e9paration \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Papanikolaou, D., & Schmidt, L. D. W. (2020, June). Working remotely and the supply-side impact of COVID-19. NBER Working Paper 27330. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27330\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27330.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), the authors constructed a \u201cCOVID-19 work exposure\u201d index to capture supply-side disruptions associated with the pandemic across sectors, firms and workers. This index, measuring differences in the capacity to work remotely, reveals that exposure varies significantly by sector. Exposure is low for software publishers, since most production can be done remotely, but very high for meat production where employees cannot work remotely. In sectors with higher exposure indicators (less ability to work remotely), greater declines in employment, more reductions in expected revenue growth, and worse stock market performance were measured. Those most affected were lower-paid female workers with young children.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Papanikolaou, D., et Schmidt, L. D. W. (2020, juin). Working Remotely and the Supply-side Impact of Covid-19 (Le travail \u00e0 distance et les r\u00e9percussions de la Covid-19 sur l\u2019offre d\u2019emplois). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27330, Cambridge (Massachussetts).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27330\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27330.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 l\u2019aide des donn\u00e9es de l\u2019enqu\u00eate am\u00e9ricaine sur l\u2019emploi du temps (ATUS), les auteurs construisent un indicateur, \u00ab\u2009l\u2019exposition professionnelle \u00e0 la Covid-19\u2009\u00bb, pour saisir les perturbations de l\u2019offre d\u2019emplois associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie dans l\u2019ensemble des entreprises et des travailleurs. Ils construisent cette mesure en fonction des diff\u00e9rences dans la capacit\u00e9 des travailleurs \u00e0 travailler \u00e0 distance entre les industries. Ils constatent que l\u2019indice d\u2019exposition varie consid\u00e9rablement d\u2019un secteur \u00e0 l\u2019autre\u00a0: il est faible pour les \u00e9diteurs de logiciels puisqu\u2019une grande partie du travail de production peut \u00eatre effectu\u00e9e \u00e0 distance, alors qu\u2019il est tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9 pour la production de viande, o\u00f9 la plupart de leurs employ\u00e9s ne peuvent pas effectuer leur travail \u00e0 distance. Dans les secteurs o\u00f9 les indicateurs d\u2019exposition sont plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s (moins de capacit\u00e9 de travailler \u00e0 distance), leur exercice a g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 des baisses plus importantes de l\u2019emploi, des r\u00e9ductions plus importantes de la croissance pr\u00e9vue des revenus et de moins bons rendements boursiers. Les travailleurs et travailleuses les plus touch\u00e9s par cet exercice \u00e9taient les travailleuses moins bien r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9es ayant de jeunes enfants.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Turcotte, M., & Hango, D. (2020, May 28). Impact of economic consequences of COVID-19 on Canadians\u2019 social concerns. StatCan COVID-19: Data to Insights for a Better Canada. Catalogue no. 45280001. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00025-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00025-eng.pdf?st=4pss7TsD\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using Statistics Canada\u2019s newly developed online Canadian Perspective Survey, the authors examined how personal financial concerns can impact matters related to social cohesion. Factors considered include family stress from confinement, violence in the home, maintaining social ties, the ability to co-operate and support one another, and the risk of civil disorder. Seventeen percent of Canadians aged 25\u201364 reported that COVID-19 will have a major impact on their ability to meet their essential needs and financial obligations (e.g., mortgages and utilities); 25% reported that they would likely lose their main job or primary source of income. These groups were also more likely to be concerned about the social impacts of the pandemic. Immigrants and those with low levels of education reported greater social concerns compared to Canadian-born residents and those with more education.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Turcotte, M., et Hango, D. (2020, 28 mai). Incidence des cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques de la COVID-19 sur les pr\u00e9occupations sociales des Canadiens. StatCan et la COVID-19 : des donn\u00e9es aux connaissances, pour b\u00e2tir un Canada meilleur. No au catalogue 45280001. Ottawa (Ontario) : Statistique Canada, Gouvernement du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00025-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00025-fra.pdf?st=4pss7TsD\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>\u00c0 l\u2019aide du nouveau sondage en ligne de Statistique Canada, les Enqu\u00eates sur les perspectives canadiennes, les auteurs examinent comment les pr\u00e9occupations financi\u00e8res personnelles des Canadiens peuvent influer sur des questions li\u00e9es \u00e0 la coh\u00e9sion sociale, comme le stress familial caus\u00e9 par l\u2019isolement, la violence \u00e0 la maison, le maintien des liens sociaux, la capacit\u00e9 de coop\u00e9rer et de s\u2019entraider, et le risque de d\u00e9sordre civil. Parmi les Canadiens \u00e2g\u00e9s de 25 \u00e0 64 ans, 17 % ont affirm\u00e9 que la COVID-19 aurait des r\u00e9percussions majeures sur leur capacit\u00e9 de respecter leurs obligations financi\u00e8res et de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 leurs besoins essentiels (p. ex., pr\u00eats hypoth\u00e9caires et services publics), et 25 % ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu\u2019ils perdraient probablement leur principal emploi ou leur principale source de revenus. Ces groupes \u00e9taient \u00e9galement plus susceptibles de s\u2019inqui\u00e9ter des r\u00e9percussions sociales de la pand\u00e9mie. Ils ont \u00e9galement constat\u00e9 que les personnes ayant un faible niveau de scolarit\u00e9 et les immigrants ont fait \u00e9tat de pr\u00e9occupations sociales plus importantes que les personnes ayant un niveau de scolarit\u00e9 plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 et les r\u00e9sidents n\u00e9s au Canada. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>ILO. (2020, May 27). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work, 4th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/topics\/coronavirus\/impacts-and-responses\/WCMS_745963\/lang--en\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/@dgreports\/@dcomm\/documents\/briefingnote\/wcms_745963.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This forth edition of the ILO Monitor updates estimates and analysis on the effects of COVID-19 on the world of work. Key messages include that 94% of the world\u2019s workers are living in countries with some sort of workplace closures in place. Estimates suggest that testing for and tracing of infections can help to reduce working hour losses (which declined by 10.7%) by as much as 50%. They also highlight that young people are facing multiple shocks from the COVID\u201119 pandemic, which could lead to the emergence of a \u201clockdown generation.\u201d The ILO calls for urgent, large-scale policy responses to prevent long-lasting damage to young people.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>OIT. (2020, 27 mai). Observatoire de l\u2019OIT : le COVID-19 et le monde du travail, 4e \u00e9dition. Gen\u00e8ve (Suisse) : Organisation internationale du Travail.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/topics\/coronavirus\/impacts-and-responses\/WCMS_745964\/lang--fr\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---dgreports\/---dcomm\/documents\/briefingnote\/wcms_745964.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Cette quatri\u00e8me \u00e9dition de l\u2019Observatoire de l\u2019OIT met \u00e0 jour les estimations et les analyses sur les effets du COVID-19 sur le monde du travail. Les messages cl\u00e9s comprennent que 94 % des travailleurs du monde entier vivent dans des pays o\u00f9 des mesures de fermeture de lieu de travail sont en place. Leurs estimations sugg\u00e8rent que le d\u00e9pistage et la localisation des infections peuvent contribuer \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les pertes d\u2019heures de travail (baisse de 10,7 %) jusqu\u2019\u00e0 50 %. Ils soulignent \u00e9galement que les jeunes sont confront\u00e9s \u00e0 de multiples chocs d\u00e9coulant de la crise du COVID-19, ce qui pourrait entra\u00eener l\u2019\u00e9mergence d\u2019une \u00ab\u2009g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de confinement\u2009\u00bb. L\u2019OIT appelle \u00e0 la mise en place de mesures politiques urgentes et \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle afin d\u2019\u00e9viter aux jeunes de subir des dommages durables.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Statistics Canada. (2020, May 27). Canadians\u2019 mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Daily. Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/daily-quotidien\/200527\/dq200527b-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/daily-quotidien\/200527\/dq200527b-eng.pdf?st=ohEV8Xsz\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Between April 24 and May 1 2020, Statistics Canada collected data via an online questionnaire from approximately 46,000 Canadians on the impact of COVID-19 on mental health. Almost one-quarter of participants indicated fair or poor mental health. Over half reported that their mental health has worsened since physical distancing restrictions were implemented. Those financially affected by COVID-19 are more prone to anxiety symptoms due to difficulties in meeting financial obligations. Youth are also more likely to report worsening mental health.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Statistique Canada (2020, 27 mai). La sant\u00e9 mentale des Canadiens durant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19. Le Quotidien. Ottawa (Ontario) : Gouvernement du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/daily-quotidien\/200527\/dq200527b-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/daily-quotidien\/200527\/dq200527b-fra.pdf?st=VWyzZO7C\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Statistique Canada a recueilli des donn\u00e9es sur l\u2019incidence de la COVID-19 sur la sant\u00e9 mentale au moyen d\u2019un questionnaire en ligne auquel ont particip\u00e9 environ 46\u2009000 Canadiens entre le 24 avril et le 1er mai. Pr\u00e8s d\u2019un quart des participants ont affirm\u00e9 que leur sant\u00e9 mentale \u00e9tait passable ou mauvaise, tandis que plus de la moiti\u00e9 ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que leur sant\u00e9 mentale s\u2019\u00e9tait d\u00e9t\u00e9rior\u00e9e depuis la mise en place des restrictions relatives \u00e0 la distanciation physique. Les participants touch\u00e9s financi\u00e8rement par la COVID-19 sont plus sujets aux sympt\u00f4mes d\u2019anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 en raison des difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 remplir leurs obligations financi\u00e8res. Les jeunes sont \u00e9galement plus susceptibles de signaler une d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration de leur sant\u00e9 mentale.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Green, D., Kesselman, J. R., & Tedds, L. (2020, May 21). Considerations for basic income as a COVID-19 response. The School of Public Policy Publications, SPP Briefing Paper, 13(11). Calgary, AB: University of Calgary.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyschool.ca\/publications\/considerations-for-basic-income-as-a-covid-19-response\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyschool.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Basic-Income-Green-Kesselman-Tedds.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The effectiveness of policies like the CERB (Canada Emergency Response Benefit) during the pandemic has raised the profile of basic income as a policy option. The goal in this briefing paper is to set out the key questions that must be answered in deciding whether and how to implement basic income, or any alternative social support policy. The message is that the design and implementation of a basic income policy requires careful, comprehensive, evidence-based consideration. The questions cover different topics, such as principles to define basic income, objectives, details of the program, eligibility conditions, amounts of the benefit, cost of the program, impact of the program on the economy and alternative programs with similar objectives.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Green, D., Kesselman, J. R., et Tedds, L. (2020, 21 mai). Considerations for Basic Income as a COVID-19 Response (Points \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer quant au revenu de base comme r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la COVID-19). The School of Public Policy Publications. Document d\u2019information.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyschool.ca\/publications\/considerations-for-basic-income-as-a-covid-19-response\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyschool.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Basic-Income-Green-Kesselman-Tedds.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de politiques comme la Prestation canadienne d\u2019urgence pendant la pand\u00e9mie a permis d\u2019am\u00e9liorer le profil du revenu de base en tant qu\u2019option strat\u00e9gique. Le but de cet article est de d\u00e9finir les questions cl\u00e9s auxquelles les auteurs estiment qu\u2019il faut r\u00e9pondre pour d\u00e9cider si et comment mettre en \u0153uvre un revenu de base, ou toute autre politique d\u2019aide sociale. Leur message est que la conception et la mise en \u0153uvre d\u2019un revenu de base exigent une r\u00e9flexion approfondie, compl\u00e8te et fond\u00e9e sur des donn\u00e9es probantes. Ces questions couvrent diff\u00e9rents sujets, comme les principes pour d\u00e9finir une politique de revenu de base, les objectifs, les d\u00e9tails du programme, les conditions d\u2019admissibilit\u00e9, le montant de la prestation, le co\u00fbt du programme, l\u2019incidence du programme sur l\u2019\u00e9conomie et les programmes de rechange ayant des objectifs similaires.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Jeon, S. H., et Ostrovsky, Y. (2020, mai 20). Les r\u00e9percussions de la COVID -19 sur l\u2019\u00e9conomie \u00e0 la demande : pr\u00e9occupations \u00e0 court et \u00e0 long termes. Statistique Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00021-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/fr\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00021-fra.pdf?st=5RSfTI3E\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Les auteurs font valoir que les r\u00e9percussions de la COVID-19 sur les travailleurs \u00e0 la demande seront probablement in\u00e9galement r\u00e9parties et d\u00e9pendront en grande partie de la nature ou du type de travail \u00e0 la demande. Ils constatent que ces travailleurs sont surrepr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans l\u2019industrie des services, qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 durement touch\u00e9e par la pand\u00e9mie. Ils signalent que les effets imm\u00e9diats de la pand\u00e9mie d\u00e9pendront de certaines caract\u00e9ristiques, principalement l\u2019\u00e2ge, le lieu de r\u00e9sidence et l\u2019industrie du travail. Les jeunes travailleurs \u00e0 la demande sont plus susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre touch\u00e9s que ceux plus \u00e2g\u00e9s qui peuvent avoir diverses sources de revenus (p. ex., pension). Les travailleurs \u00e0 la demande du secteur des services professionnels, scientifiques et techniques peuvent \u00eatre en mesure de continuer \u00e0 travailler pendant la pand\u00e9mie par rapport \u00e0 ceux du secteur des services qui n\u00e9cessitent des interactions en personne avec les clients. Les auteurs pr\u00e9disent \u00e9galement que l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie pourrait acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer l\u2019expansion des plateformes en ligne et des march\u00e9s d\u2019approche participative, ce qui pourrait entra\u00eener une augmentation de la taille de l\u2019\u00e9conomie \u00e0 la demande. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Jeon, S.-H., & Ostrovsky, Y. (2020, May 20). The impact of COVID-19 on the gig economy: Short- and long-term concerns. StatCan COVID-19: Data to Insights for a Better Canada. Catalogue no. 45280001. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00021-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00021-eng.pdf?st=5RSfTI3E\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Gig workers (GWs) are over-represented in the services industry, which has been severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors argue that the impact of COVID-19 on GWs is likely to be unevenly distributed, largely depending on the nature and type of gig work. Immediate effects will depend on certain characteristics, mainly age, place of residence and industry of work. Younger GWs are more likely to be affected than older ones, who may have diverse sources of income (e.g., pension). GWs in professional, scientific and technical services may be able to continue working during the pandemic compared to those requiring face-to-face interactions with customers. The authors also predict that COVID-19 may accelerate the expansion of online platforms and crowdsourcing spaces, which in turn could increase the size of the gig economy.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>DeAntonio D. (2020, 14 mai). The Week Ahead \u2013 U.S., Europe, Asia-Pacific. High Technology Is North America\u2019s Biggest Corporate Borrower (La semaine \u00e0 venir \u2014 \u00c9tats-Unis, Europe, Asie Pacifique. La haute technologie est la plus grande soci\u00e9t\u00e9 emprunteuse en Am\u00e9rique du Nord). Moody\u2019s Analytics.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.moodysanalytics.com\/-\/media\/article\/2020\/weekly-market-outlook-high-technology-is-north-americas-biggest-corporate-borrower.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Selon le Bureau of Labor Statistics (Bureau de la statique du travail aux \u00c9tats-Unis [BLS]), le taux de ch\u00f4mage aux \u00c9tats-Unis et la mesure de la sous-utilisation de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre ont bondi \u00e0 14,7 % et \u00e0 22,8 %, respectivement, en avril 2020. Cependant, les deux mesures sous-estiment l\u2019\u00e9conomie actuelle puisque de nombreux travailleurs qui \u00e9taient absents en raison des fermetures d\u2019entreprises li\u00e9es \u00e0 la COVID-19 sont class\u00e9s comme \u00ab\u2009employ\u00e9s, mais absents du travail\u2009\u00bb par opposition aux ch\u00f4meurs. L\u2019auteur constate \u00e9galement que le nombre de travailleurs qui passent de l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019employ\u00e9 \u00e0 celui de non-actifs \u00e9tait sup\u00e9rieur de 5 millions par rapport \u00e0 un mois d\u2019avril type. La prise en compte de ces deux facteurs porterait le taux de ch\u00f4mage et le taux de sous-utilisation de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre \u00e0 plus de 22 % et de 30 % respectivement.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>DeAntonio, D. (2020, May 14). The Week Ahead \u2013 U.S., Europe, Asia-Pacific. High Technology Is North America\u2019s Biggest Corporate Borrower. New York: Moody\u2019s Analytics.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.moodysanalytics.com\/-\/media\/article\/2020\/weekly-market-outlook-high-technology-is-north-americas-biggest-corporate-borrower.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the U.S. unemployment rate and the measure of labour underutilization jumped to 14.7% and 22.8%, respectively, in April 2020. However, both measures underestimate the current economic situation since many workers were absent from work due to COVID-19-related business closures and classified as \u201cemployed but absent from work\u201d rather than unemployed. The number of workers shifting from employed to not in the labour force was five million higher than for a typical April. Taking these two factors into account brings the unemployment rate and the labour underutilization rate to over 22% and 30% respectively.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Vancouver School of Economics (2020, 14 mai). VSE COVID-19 Risk\/Reward Assessment Tool (Outil d\u2019\u00e9valuation de l\u2019\u00c9cole d\u2019\u00e9conomie de Vancouver sur les risques et la r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration concernant la COVID-19). Universit\u00e9 de la Colombie-Britannique.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/covid19.economics.ubc.ca\/projects\/project-1\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019outil d\u2019\u00e9valuation de l\u2019\u00c9cole d\u2019\u00e9conomie de Vancouver sur les risques et la r\u00e9mun\u00e9ration concernant la COVID-19 compare les risques et les avantages de la r\u00e9ouverture de diff\u00e9rents secteurs de l\u2019\u00e9conomie en Colombie-Britannique (plus de 300 professions dans plus de 100 industries). Il comporte une figure interactive et un tableau qui fournit des renseignements plus d\u00e9taill\u00e9s sur les risques associ\u00e9s \u00e0 des secteurs et des professions en particulier. L\u2019analyse des risques est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e selon trois grandes cat\u00e9gories : les risques associ\u00e9s au travail dans une profession donn\u00e9e (\u00ab\u2009Description de poste d\u00e9taill\u00e9e\u2009\u00bb), l\u2019importance du secteur dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie de la Colombie-Britannique (\u00ab\u2009D\u00e9tails des facteurs \u00e9conomiques\u2009\u00bb) et les risques associ\u00e9s \u00e0 des facteurs ext\u00e9rieurs au lieu de travail. (\u00ab\u2009D\u00e9tail des m\u00e9nages\u2009\u00bb).<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>VSE. (2020, May 14). VSE COVID-19 risk\/reward assessment tool. University of British Columbia, Vancouver School of Economics.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/covid19.economics.ubc.ca\/projects\/project-1\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The VSE COVID Risk\/Reward Assessment Tool compares the risks and benefits of re-opening different sectors of the British Columbia economy (over 300 occupations in over 100 industries). It features an interactive figure and a table with more detailed information on the risks associated with specific sectors and occupations. The analysis of risk is presented according to three main categories: 1) risks associated with work in a particular occupation (\u201cJob description detail\u201d), 2) importance of the sector in the BC economy (\u201cEconomic factors detail\u201d) and 3) risks associated with factors outside of the work place (\u201cHousehold detail\u201d).<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Landier, A., & Thesmar, D. (2020, May 13). Earnings expectations in the COVID crisis. NBER Working Paper 27160. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27160\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27160.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>To better understand how the stock market reacted to the COVID-19 pandemic, this study analyzes stock prices and future earnings estimates from the Institutional Broker\u2019s Estimate System (IBES) database. First, the authors describe expectations dynamics about future corporate earnings. They show that the term structure of earnings expectations has shifted over the course of March, April and May 2020 in a manner that deviates from the literature on expectations and stock returns. Second, they find that discount rate shocks are the main driver of the V-shaped evolution of stock prices.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Landier, A., et Thesmar, D. (2020, 13 mai). Earnings Expectations in the COVID Crisis (Attentes en mati\u00e8re de gains dans le cadre de la crise de la COVID ). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no w27160.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27160\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27160.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Afin de mieux comprendre comment le march\u00e9 boursier a r\u00e9agi \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19, l\u2019\u00e9tude analyse les prix des actions et les estimations des gains futurs \u00e0 partir de la base de donn\u00e9es du syst\u00e8me d\u2019estimation des courtiers institutionnels (IBES). Les auteurs d\u00e9crivent tout d\u2019abord la dynamique des attentes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des gains futurs des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s. Ils montrent que la structure des \u00e9ch\u00e9ances des pr\u00e9visions de gains a chang\u00e9 au cours des mois de mars, d\u2019avril et de mai 2020 d\u2019une mani\u00e8re qui s\u2019\u00e9carte de la documentation sur les attentes et les rendements des actions. Deuxi\u00e8mement, ils constatent que les chocs des taux d\u2019actualisation constituent le principal moteur de l\u2019\u00e9volution en V des prix des actions.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Harris, J. E. (2020, 12 mai). Reopening Under Covid-19: What to Watch for (R\u00e9ouverture dans le cadre de la Covid-19 : Ce qu\u2019il faut surveiller). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no w27166).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27166\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27166.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019auteur utilise diverses \u00e9tudes de cas aux \u00c9tats-Unis pour analyser la qualit\u00e9 des indicateurs d\u2019\u00e9tat de la COVID-19 ainsi que les politiques sociales et sanitaires utilis\u00e9es pour contenir le virus \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle locale. Un ensemble d\u2019indicateurs d\u2019\u00e9tat efficaces doit produire de l\u2019information fiable, exacte et opportune sur les tendances, la propagation et d\u2019autres indicateurs cl\u00e9s, comme les taux de morbidit\u00e9, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle locale. L\u2019objectif de cet exercice consiste \u00e0 trouver des mesures et des strat\u00e9gies existantes pour surveiller la COVID-19 qui peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es dans l\u2019ensemble des \u00c9tats-Unis \u00e0 la faveur de la r\u00e9ouverture de l\u2019\u00e9conomie. En utilisant les r\u00e9sultats observ\u00e9s dans des endroits comme le Wisconsin et le comt\u00e9 d\u2019Orange, il trouve que les tests universels sont le moyen le plus efficace de surveiller les tendances. De plus, le couplage des tests aux statistiques et aux r\u00e9sultats g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s par les h\u00f4pitaux et d\u2019autres \u00e9tablissements de soins de sant\u00e9 am\u00e9liore la profondeur et la rapidit\u00e9 de la surveillance de la COVID-19.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Harris, J. E. (2020, May 12). Reopening under COVID-19: What to watch for. NBER Working Paper 27166. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27166\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27166.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using a variety of case studies from across the United States, the author investigates the quality of COVID-19 status indicators, as well as social and health policies, used to contain the virus at the local level. Effective status indicators must produce reliable, accurate, timely information about the local trends, spread, and other key indicators, such as morbidity rates. The purpose of this exercise is to find measures and strategies for monitoring COVID-19 that can be used across the US as economy reopens. Using observations from places such as Wisconsin and Orange County, universal testing has proven the most effective way to monitor trends. Moreover, specifically coupling testing with statistics and outcomes generated by hospitals and other health care institutions enhances the depth and timeliness of COVID-19 monitoring.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Statistics Canada. (2020, May 12). Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on postsecondary students. The Daily. Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/daily-quotidien\/200512\/dq200512a-eng.htm?HPA=1\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/daily-quotidien\/200512\/dq200512a-eng.pdf?st=7OOuK7wd\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Statistics Canada collected data via an online questionnaire from more than 100,000 postsecondary students between April 19 and May 1 about how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected their academic, labour market and financial situations. Most participants reported an academic disruption because of the pandemic and a major impact on their employment plans. Many student participants also reported significant concerns about their financial situation because of COVID-19.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Statistique Canada. (2020, mai 12). R\u00e9percussions de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 sur les \u00e9tudiants du niveau postsecondaire. Le Quotidien : Statistique Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/daily-quotidien\/200512\/dq200512a-fra.htm?HPA=1\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/daily-quotidien\/200512\/dq200512a-fra.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Entre le 19 avril et le 1er mai, Statistique Canada a recueilli des donn\u00e9es au moyen d\u2019un questionnaire en ligne aupr\u00e8s de plus de 100\u2009000 \u00e9tudiants du niveau postsecondaires au sujet de l\u2019incidence de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 concernant leur situation sur le plan des \u00e9tudes, du march\u00e9 du travail et des finances. La plupart des participants signalent une perturbation de leurs \u00e9tudes en raison de la pand\u00e9mie et du fait que celle-ci a eu des r\u00e9percussions majeures sur leur projet d\u2019emploi. De nombreux \u00e9tudiants se disent \u00e9galement tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9occup\u00e9s par leur situation financi\u00e8re en raison de la COVID-19.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Statistique Canada. (2020, mai 11). R\u00e9percussions de la COVID-19 sur les petites entreprises au Canada. Le Quotidien : Statistique Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00018-fra.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00018-fra.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Statistique Canada a recueilli des donn\u00e9es aupr\u00e8s de 12\u2009600 entreprises, qui ont particip\u00e9 \u00e0 un questionnaire en ligne du 3 au 24 avril sur la fa\u00e7on dont la COVID-19 a affect\u00e9 leur entreprise. Les r\u00e9sultats r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que les petites entreprises (moins de 100 employ\u00e9s) \u00e9taient plus susceptibles de d\u00e9clarer que leurs revenus du premier trimestre avaient diminu\u00e9 de 20 % ou plus (par rapport au premier trimestre de l\u2019an dernier) que celles qui comptaient plus de 100 employ\u00e9s. Statistique Canada a \u00e9galement constat\u00e9 que pr\u00e8s de 41 % des entreprises ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 avoir mis \u00e0 pied des employ\u00e9s, comparativement \u00e0 80 % des petites entreprises. Les petites entreprises \u00e9taient \u00e9galement plus susceptibles de demander du cr\u00e9dit aux institutions financi\u00e8res pour couvrir les frais d\u2019exploitation en raison de la COVID-19 et \u00e9taient l\u00e9g\u00e8rement plus nombreuses \u00e0 faire reporter leur loyer.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Statistics Canada. (2020, May 11). Impact of COVID-19 on Small Businesses in Canada. StatCan COVID-19: Data to Insights for a Better Canada. Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00018-eng.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/45-28-0001\/2020001\/article\/00018-eng.pdf?st=mFrpPdCm\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Statistics Canada collected data from 12,600 businesses that took part in an online questionnaire between April 3 and April 24 about how COVID-19 has affected them. The findings show that small businesses (fewer than 100 employees) were more likely to report that their revenues from Q1 were down by 20% or more (compared to Q1 last year) than those with 100+ employees. They also found that nearly 41% of businesses overall reported laying off employees, compared to 80% of small businesses. Small businesses were also more likely to request credit from financial institutions to cover operating costs due to COVID-19 and were slightly more likely to have their rent deferred.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Furceri, D., Loungani, P., Ostry, J. D., & Pizzuto, P. (2020, May 1). Will Covid-19 affect inequality? Evidence from past pandemics. COVID Economics Vetted and Real-Time Papers, Issue 12, 138\u2013157. London: Centre for Economic and Policy Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/cepr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/news\/CovidEconomics12.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Since the Gini coefficient (a statistical measure of income distribution) increased globally following other recent pandemics such as H1N1, the authors investigate the potential impact of COVID-19 on income inequality. The dataset draws from various sources, including the World Bank and the International Labour Organization. The authors estimate impulse response functions to analyze the possible effects of COVID-19 on future income inequality. They find evidence that the effects of COVID-19 on inequality will be larger than those from other recent pandemics. They estimate increased income shares for higher deciles and reduced employment-to-population ratios for those with basic education compared to higher education.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Rojas, F. L., Jiang, X., Montenovo, L., Simon, K. I., Weinberg, B. A., & Wing, C. (2020, May). Is the cure worse than the problem itself? Immediate labor market effects of COVID-19 case rates and school closures in the U.S. NBER Working Paper 27127. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27127\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27127.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper looks at whether the nationwide public health shock of the COVID-19 pandemic or individual state mitigation policies had a greater effect on increasing unemployment in the United States. The authors found that the unprecedented increase in new unemployment claims between March 15\u201328 was similar across all states. This suggests that most labour market impacts were caused by the nationwide response to the health shock itself rather than by individual state policies (such as school closures) aimed at controlling the spread of the virus.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Rojas, F. L., Jiang, X., Montenovo, L., Simon, K., Weinberg, B. A., et Wing, C. (2020, mai). Is the Cure Worse than the Problem Itself? Immediate Labor Market Effects of COVID-19 Case Rates and School Closures in the U.S. (Le rem\u00e8de est-il pire que le probl\u00e8me lui-m\u00eame? Effets imm\u00e9diats sur le march\u00e9 du travail des taux de cas de COVID-19 et des fermetures d\u2019\u00e9coles aux \u00c9tats-Unis).  Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27127, Cambridge (Massachussetts).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27127\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27127.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cet article examine si le choc de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 sur la sant\u00e9 publique \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle nationale ou des politiques d\u2019att\u00e9nuation de chaque \u00c9tat a eu un effet plus important sur l\u2019augmentation du taux de ch\u00f4mage aux \u00c9tats-Unis. Les auteurs constatent que l\u2019augmentation sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent du nombre de nouvelles demandes de prestations d\u2019assurance-ch\u00f4mage entre le 15 et le 21 mars et entre le 22 et le 28 mars a \u00e9t\u00e9 similaire dans tous les \u00c9tats, ce qui donne \u00e0 penser que la plupart des r\u00e9percussions sur le march\u00e9 du travail \u00e9taient attribuables \u00e0 la r\u00e9action nationale au choc sanitaire lui-m\u00eame plut\u00f4t qu\u2019aux politiques individuelles des \u00c9tats (comme les fermetures d\u2019\u00e9coles) visant \u00e0 contr\u00f4ler la propagation du virus.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Acemoglu D., Chernozhukov V., Werning I. et Whinston M. (2020, mai). A Multi-Risk SIR Model with Optimally Targeted Lockdown (Un mod\u00e8le SIR multirisques et un confinement parfaitement cibl\u00e9). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27102.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27102\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27102.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document se sert du mod\u00e8le SIR (Susceptible\/Sain, Infect\u00e9, R\u00e9tabli) pour aider les chercheurs et les d\u00e9cideurs politiques \u00e0 mieux comprendre la propagation et l\u2019endiguement \u00e9ventuel d\u2019une infection dans un contexte o\u00f9 les personnes gu\u00e9ries sont immunis\u00e9es contre la maladie et o\u00f9, par cons\u00e9quent, la population susceptible diminue au fil du temps. \u00c0 partir de trois groupes, soit les jeunes (20\u00a0\u00e0 44\u00a0ans), les personnes d\u2019\u00e2ge moyen (45\u00a0\u00e0 65\u00a0ans) et les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es (65\u00a0ans et plus), les auteurs m\u00e8nent une analyse quantitative de la politique optimale. Une approche qui traite ces trois groupes de mani\u00e8re uniforme et implique un confinement relativement long et strict entra\u00eenerait de grands dommages \u00e9conomiques et des taux de mortalit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9s chez les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es. De meilleurs r\u00e9sultats sociaux sont possibles gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des politiques cibl\u00e9es qui traitent ces trois groupes diff\u00e9remment. Par exemple, un confinement strict pour le groupe le plus \u00e2g\u00e9 peut minimiser \u00e0 la fois les pertes \u00e9conomiques et les d\u00e9c\u00e8s.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Acemoglu, D., Chernozhukov, V., Werning, I., &amp; Whinston, M. (2020, May). A multi-risk SIR model with optimally targeted lockdown. NBER Working Paper 27102. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27102\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27102.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper uses the SIR (Susceptible\u2013Infectious\u2013Recovered) model to help both researchers and policymakers better understand the spread and ultimate containment of an infection. In this model, those who recover are immune to the disease and thus the susceptible population declines over time. Using three groups \u2014 young (20\u201344), middle-aged (45\u201365) and older (65+) \u2014 the authors conduct a quantitative analysis of optimal policy. An approach that treats these three groups uniformly and involves a relatively strict, lengthy lockdown would result in both high economic damage and high mortality rates for older individuals. Better social outcomes are possible with targeted policies that treat these three age groups differently. For instance, a strict lockdown on the oldest group can minimize both economic losses and deaths.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Adler, D., & Breznitz, D. (2020, May). Reshoring supply chains: A practical policy agenda. American Affairs, 4(2).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/americanaffairsjournal.org\/2020\/05\/reshoring-supply-chains-a-practical-policy-agenda\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>In the United States, the COVID-19 crisis has revealed the fact that most essential health care supplies, such as face masks and ventilators, are produced abroad. This article calls for policy that examines the larger economic issues surrounding offshoring and finding ways to bring back more production into the United States. The authors argue that reshoring key sectors can reduce economic inequality and provide more job opportunities in the manufacturing sector. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Adler, D., et Breznitz, D. (2020, mai). Reshoring Supply Chains: A Practical Policy Agenda (La restructuration des cha\u00eenes d'approvisionnement : un programme politique pratique). American Affairs, vol. IV, no 2.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/americanaffairsjournal.org\/2020\/05\/reshoring-supply-chains-a-practical-policy-agenda\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Aux \u00c9tats-Unis, la crise de la COVID-19 a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que la majorit\u00e9 des produits dont les Am\u00e9ricains ont besoin et qu\u2019ils utilisent, comme les masques et les ventilateurs, sont fabriqu\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger. Cet article pr\u00e9conise une politique qui examine les grandes questions \u00e9conomiques entourant la d\u00e9localisation et trouve des moyens de ramener plus de production aux \u00c9tats-Unis. Les auteurs soutiennent que la restructuration des secteurs cl\u00e9s peut r\u00e9duire les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques et offrir davantage de possibilit\u00e9s d\u2019emploi au secteur manufacturier.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Alfaro, L., Faia, E., Lamersdorf, N., & Saidi, F. (2020, mai). Social interactions in pandemics: Fear, altruism, and reciprocity. Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27134.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27134\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27134.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Il est difficile de pr\u00e9dire la propagation de la maladie sans tenir compte du comportement humain. Cette pr\u00e9diction est d\u2019autant plus importante \u00e0 mesure que les pays envisagent des politiques optimales pour orienter la r\u00e9ouverture de leurs \u00e9conomies respectives, car un comportement de pr\u00e9caution excessif peut d\u00e9clencher des spirales de demande et freiner la reprise. \u00c0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un mod\u00e8le susceptible-infectieux-retir\u00e9 (SIR) sur r\u00e9seau et des donn\u00e9es de mobilit\u00e9 quotidienne d\u2019Apple sur la COVID-19 dans 89 villes du monde, il est d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que la peur est associ\u00e9e n\u00e9gativement \u00e0 la mobilit\u00e9 (marche, conduite automobile et utilisation des transports en commun) \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle de la ville. De plus, l\u2019effet direct de r\u00e9glementations explicites limitant la mobilit\u00e9 est att\u00e9nu\u00e9 dans les cas o\u00f9 les individus font preuve de plus de patience, d\u2019altruisme et pr\u00e9sentent une r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9 moins n\u00e9gative \u2014 probabilit\u00e9 plus forte que des groupes de personnes soient li\u00e9s les uns aux autres. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Alfaro, L., Faia, E., Lamersdorf, N., & Saidi, F. (2020, May). Social interactions in pandemics: Fear, altruism, and reciprocity. NBER Working Paper 27134. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27134\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27134.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Predicting the spread of disease is difficult without also accounting for human behaviour. This is especially important as countries consider optimal policy responses to guide the re-opening of their respective economies since excessive precautionary behaviour may trigger demand spirals and dampen recovery. Combining an SIR-network model with Apple COVID daily mobility data for 89 cities around the world, fear is seen to have a negative impact on mobility (walking, driving, transit use) at the city level. Moreover, the direct effect of explicit regulations restricting mobility are muted in cases where individuals are more patient, have higher degrees of altruism and exhibit less negative reciprocity, signalling a higher likelihood that groups of people are linked to each other.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Aum S., Lee S., Shin Y. (2020, mai). COVID-19 doesn\u2019t need lockdowns to destroy jobs: The effect of local outbreaks in Korea (La COVID-19 n\u2019a pas besoin de confinement pour d\u00e9truire les emplois : l\u2019effet des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies locales en Cor\u00e9e). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27264, Cambridge (Massachussetts).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27264?utm_campaign=ntwh&utm_medium=email&utm_source=ntwg7\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27264.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>En utilisant un mod\u00e8le d\u2019\u00e9cart dans les diff\u00e9rences, les auteurs estiment l\u2019effet causal de l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de COVID-19 sur le march\u00e9 du travail en examinant les pays qui ont mis en \u0153uvre un confinement s\u00e9v\u00e8re et les pays comme la Cor\u00e9e qui ne l\u2019ont pas fait. Leurs estimations impliquent qu\u2019une augmentation de 1 pour mille des infections entra\u00eene une baisse de 2 \u00e0 3 % de l\u2019emploi local en l\u2019absence de mesures de confinement, alors que cette baisse varie entre 5 et 6 % dans les pays (comme les \u00c9tats-Unis et le Royaume-Uni) qui ont mis en \u0153uvre des mesures de confinement \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle. Cela sugg\u00e8re que la COVID-19 elle-m\u00eame est responsable d\u2019une part consid\u00e9rable des pertes d\u2019emplois. Par cons\u00e9quent, la lev\u00e9e des mesures de confinement partout dans le monde pourrait n\u2019entra\u00eener qu\u2019une modeste reprise, \u00e0 moins que les taux d\u2019infection ne diminuent.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Aum, S., Lee, S. Y., & Shin, Y. (2020, May). COVID-19 doesn\u2019t need lockdowns to destroy jobs: The effect of local outbreaks in Korea. NBER Working Paper 27264. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27264?utm_campaign=ntwh&utm_medium=email&utm_source=ntwg7\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27264.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using a difference-in-difference model, the authors estimate the causal effect of COVID-19 lockdowns on the labour market. They do so by looking at countries that implemented a severe lockdown and countries, such as Korea, that did not. Their estimates imply that a one per thousand increase in infections caused a 2\u20133% drop in local employment in the absence of a lockdown. In countries such as the US and UK, where large-scale lockdowns were implemented, this drop ranges between 5\u20136%. This suggests that COVID-19 itself, rather than the lockdown, is responsible for a considerable portion of job losses. Lifting lockdowns around the world, therefore, may lead to only modest job recovery unless infection rates fall.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2020, mai). COVID-19 is also a reallocation shock. Document de travail du Becker Friedman Institute no 2020-59.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/bfi.uchicago.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/BFI_WP_202059.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Les auteurs s\u2019appuient sur les pr\u00e9visions d\u2019emploi au niveau des entreprises tir\u00e9es de l\u2019enqu\u00eate sur l\u2019incertitude des entreprises et estiment que 42 % des r\u00e9cents licenciements aux \u00c9tats-Unis entra\u00eeneront une perte d\u2019emploi permanente. Ils pr\u00e9voient une reprise \u00e9conomique prolong\u00e9e apr\u00e8s les perturbations caus\u00e9es par la COVID-19, m\u00eame si la pand\u00e9mie est largement ma\u00eetris\u00e9e en quelques mois. Les auteurs sugg\u00e8rent \u00e9galement que les niveaux de prestations de ch\u00f4mage qui d\u00e9passent les revenus des travailleurs, les politiques qui subventionnent le maintien en poste des employ\u00e9s, les restrictions relatives aux permis de travail et les obstacles r\u00e9glementaires \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019entreprises entraveront les r\u00e9ponses de r\u00e9affectation apr\u00e8s le choc de la COVID-19.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. J. (2020, May). COVID-19 is also a reallocation shock. Working Paper No. 2020-59. University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/bfi.uchicago.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/BFI_WP_202059.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The authors draw on firm-level employment forecasts from the Survey of Business Uncertainty to estimate that 42% of recent layoffs in the US will result in permanent job loss. They anticipate a drawn-out economic recovery from the COVID-19 shock, even if the pandemic is largely controlled within a few months. The authors also suggest that unemployment benefit levels that exceed worker earnings, policies that subsidize employee retention, occupational licensing restrictions and regulatory barriers to business formation will impede reallocation responses to the COVID-19 shock. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Beland, L.-P., Brodeur, A., Mikola, D., & Wright, T. (2020, May). The short-term economic consequences of COVID-19: Occupation tasks and mental health in Canada. IZA DP No. 13254. Bonn, Germany: IZA Institute of Labor Economics.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iza.org\/publications\/dp\/13254\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/ftp.iza.org\/dp13254.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The authors investigate the negative impact of the pandemic on unemployment, labour force participation, hours and wages in Canada. The largest effects observed were for younger, unmarried, less-educated workers. Results also suggest that the impact of the pandemic was significantly worse for those more exposed to the disease or working in proximity to coworkers. The effects were significantly less severe for essential workers and those who could work remotely. In terms of mental health consequences, using the Canadian Perspective Survey, the authors found that individuals absent from work due to COVID-19 were more likely to fear meeting financial obligations and losing their job.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Beland, L., Brodeur, A., Mikola, D., et Wright, T. (2020, mai). The Short-Term Economic Consequences of COVID-19: Occupation Tasks and Mental Health in Canada (Les cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques \u00e0 court terme de la COVID-19 : T\u00e2ches professionnelles et sant\u00e9 mentale au Canada). IZA DP no 13254.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iza.org\/publications\/dp\/13254\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/ftp.iza.org\/dp13254.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Les auteurs \u00e9tudient les r\u00e9percussions n\u00e9gatives de la pand\u00e9mie sur le ch\u00f4mage, la participation \u00e0 la population active, les heures de travail et les salaires au Canada. Ils constatent que les effets les plus importants sont observ\u00e9s chez les travailleurs plus jeunes, non mari\u00e9s et moins instruits. Leurs r\u00e9sultats sugg\u00e8rent \u00e9galement que les r\u00e9percussions de la pand\u00e9mie ont \u00e9t\u00e9 beaucoup plus prononc\u00e9es pour les travailleurs plus expos\u00e9s \u00e0 la maladie et pour ceux qui travaillent \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 de leurs coll\u00e8gues, tandis que les effets sont beaucoup moins graves pour les travailleurs essentiels et pour ceux qui peuvent travailler \u00e0 distance. De plus, en utilisant l\u2019Enqu\u00eate sur les perspectives canadiennes et en ce qui concerne les cons\u00e9quences sur la sant\u00e9 mentale, les auteurs trouvent que les personnes absentes du travail en raison de la COVID-19 sont plus susceptibles d\u2019exprimer leur crainte quant au respect de leurs obligations financi\u00e8res et \u00e0 la perte de leur emploi.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Borjas, G. J., & Cassidy, H. (2020, May). The adverse effect of the COVID-19 labor market shock on immigrant employment. NBER Working Paper 27243. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27243\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27243.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using CPS (Current Population Survey) microdata, the authors of this paper looked for differences in the COVID-19 labour market shock for immigrant males versus US-born males. They found that pandemic-related job losses reversed which group was more likely to be employed. Historically, immigrant males were more likely than US-born males to be employed. Overall, immigrant men have now become relatively more likely to lose a job and relatively less likely to find a job compared to US-born males.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Borjas, G. J., et Cassidy, H. (2020, mai). The Adverse Effect of the COVID-19 Labor Market Shock on Immigrant Employment (Le bouleversement du march\u00e9 du travail provoqu\u00e9 par la COVID-19 affecte l\u2019emploi des immigrants). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27243, Cambridge (Massachusetts).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27243\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27243.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cet article r\u00e9v\u00e8le que le bouleversement du march\u00e9 du travail provoqu\u00e9 par la COVID-19 a entra\u00een\u00e9 des changements notables dans les taux de recherche d\u2019emploi et de perte d\u2019emploi parmi les hommes immigrants et non immigrants (natifs) aux \u00c9tats-Unis, en inversant le groupe qui avait le plus de chances d\u2019avoir un emploi. Dans l\u2019ensemble, les hommes issus de l\u2019immigration sont devenus relativement plus susceptibles de perdre un emploi et relativement moins susceptibles d\u2019en trouver un, par rapport aux natifs.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Campello, M., Kankanhalli, G., & Muthukrishnan, P. (2020, May). Corporate hiring under COVID-19: Labor market concentration, downskilling, and income inequality. NBER Working Paper 27208. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27208\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27208.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 on job postings. Using data from LinkUp, a provider of job market data and analytics in US, the authors find that firms have reduced job postings for high-skill jobs more than for low-skill jobs. Scaling back on hiring, especially high-skill hiring (called downskilling), is more severe in low-income and higher-inequality areas. Hiring cuts have also been greater in unionized industries. This study also discusses the important challenges that policy makers face in promoting job creation in a post-pandemic recovery.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Campello, M., Kankanhalli, G., et Muthukrishnan, P. (2020, mai). Corporate Hiring under COVID-19: Labor Market Concentration, Downskilling, and Income Inequality (Embauche dans les entreprises dans le cadre de la COVID-19 : Concentration du march\u00e9 du travail, baisse des qualifications et in\u00e9galit\u00e9s des revenus). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27208, Cambridge (Massachusetts).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27208\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27208.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cet article examine l\u2019incidence de la COVID-19 sur les offres d\u2019emploi. Les auteurs utilisent les donn\u00e9es de Linkup, fournisseur de donn\u00e9es et d\u2019analyses sur le march\u00e9 du travail aux \u00c9tats-Unis, et constatent que les entreprises ont r\u00e9duit les offres d\u2019emploi pour les postes hautement sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s par rapport aux emplois peu sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s. La r\u00e9duction de l\u2019embauche, en particulier celle des travailleurs hautement qualifi\u00e9s (appel\u00e9e \u00abbaisse du niveau des comp\u00e9tences\u00bb), est plus marqu\u00e9e en milieu d\u00e9favoris\u00e9 et dans les domaines \u00e0 plus forte in\u00e9galit\u00e9. Les auteurs signalent aussi que les compressions d\u2019effectifs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 plus importantes dans les secteurs syndiqu\u00e9s. Cette \u00e9tude aborde \u00e9galement les d\u00e9fis importants auxquels sont confront\u00e9s les d\u00e9cideurs politiques pour promouvoir la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019emplois au moment de la reprise des activit\u00e9s apr\u00e8s la pand\u00e9mie.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Cicala, S., Holland, S. P., Mansur, E. T., Muller, N. Z., & Yates, A. J. (2020, May). Expected health effects of reduced air pollution from COVID-19 social distancing. NBER Working Paper 27135. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27135\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27135.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper looks at the impact of social distancing on emissions and the resulting expected health effects in the United States. Reduced personal vehicle travel and electricity consumption are the two key factors. Using cell phone mobility data, the authors found that vehicle travel dropped 40% by mid-April and electricity consumption fell by about 6%. A month of social distancing decreased the expected number of premature deaths due to air pollution by 360 (25% of the baseline of 1500 deaths). They also estimate that CO2 emissions from these sources fell by 46 million metric tons.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Cicala, S., Holland, S. P., Mansur, E. T., Muller, N. Z., et Yates, A. J. (2020, mai). Expected Health Effects of Reduced Air Pollution from COVID-19 Social Distancing (Effets attendus sur la sant\u00e9 de la r\u00e9duction de la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la distanciation sociale de la COVID-19). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no w27135.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27135\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27135.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document examine les r\u00e9percussions des mesures distanciation sociale sur les \u00e9missions et les effets attendus sur la sant\u00e9 aux \u00c9tats-Unis gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction des d\u00e9placements en v\u00e9hicule personnel et de la consommation d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. Les auteurs ont constat\u00e9, en utilisant les des donn\u00e9es de mobilit\u00e9 des t\u00e9l\u00e9phones cellulaires, que les d\u00e9placements en v\u00e9hicule avaient chut\u00e9 de 40 % \u00e0 la mi-avril et que la consommation d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 avait diminu\u00e9 d\u2019environ 6 % au cours de la m\u00eame p\u00e9riode. Ils estiment qu\u2019un mois de distanciation sociale a permis de r\u00e9duire de 360 le nombre de d\u00e9c\u00e8s pr\u00e9matur\u00e9s attendus en raison de la pollution atmosph\u00e9rique caus\u00e9e par les d\u00e9placements en v\u00e9hicule personnel et la consommation d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 (25 % de la base de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de 1500 d\u00e9c\u00e8s). Ils estiment \u00e9galement que les \u00e9missions de CO2 de ces sources ont diminu\u00e9 de 46 millions de tonnes m\u00e9triques.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Coibion, O., Gorodnichenko, Y., & Weber, M. (2020, mai). The cost of the COVID-19 crisis: Lockdowns, macroeconomic expectations, and consumer spending. Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27141.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27141\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27141.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Les auteurs utilisent des enqu\u00eates \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle repr\u00e9sentatives des m\u00e9nages am\u00e9ricains pour \u00e9valuer les r\u00e9percussions des diff\u00e9rences de temps sur le confinement local d\u00fb \u00e0 la COVID-19 quant aux d\u00e9penses des m\u00e9nages, aux pertes de revenus ou de patrimoine et aux attentes macro\u00e9conomiques. Les auteurs constatent une baisse importante des d\u00e9penses de consommation et une r\u00e9duction marqu\u00e9e des revenus et du patrimoine. Pr\u00e8s de 50 % des r\u00e9pondants ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 des pertes de patrimoine allant de 5\u2009293 $ \u00e0 33\u2009482 $. Les m\u00e9nages qui r\u00e9sident dans des comt\u00e9s o\u00f9 le confinement local est survenu plus t\u00f4t pr\u00e9voient que le taux de ch\u00f4mage sera sup\u00e9rieur de 13 points de pourcentage au cours des douze prochains mois et qu\u2019il continuera d\u2019augmenter au cours des trois \u00e0 cinq prochaines ann\u00e9es. Une inflation plus faible, une plus grande incertitude et des taux hypoth\u00e9caires plus bas sont \u00e9galement attendus au cours de la prochaine d\u00e9cennie. Les auteurs notent que leur analyse se limite aux effets imm\u00e9diats des mesures de confinement et que, par cons\u00e9quent, leurs conclusions sous-estiment probablement les r\u00e9percussions de la pand\u00e9mie.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Coibion, O., Gorodnichenko, Y., & Weber, M. (2020, May). The cost of the COVID-19 crisis: Lockdowns, macroeconomic expectations, and consumer spending. NBER Working Paper 27141. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27141\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27141.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using large-scale surveys representative of US households, the authors assess the impact of different timings of local COVID-19 lockdowns on household spending, income\/wealth losses and macroeconomic expectations. They found a significant decline in consumer spending and pronounced reductions in income and wealth. Close to 50% of respondents reported wealth losses ranging from $5,293 to $33,482. Households in counties with earlier lockdown dates predicted that the unemployment rate would rise 13 percentage points over the next twelve months and continue to increase over the next three to five years. Lower inflation, higher uncertainty and lower mortgage rates are also expected over the next decade. The authors note that their analysis is limited to the immediate effects of lockdowns and thus likely understate the impact of the pandemic.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Environics Institute for Survey Research, Future Skills Centre, Ted Rogers School of Management, & Diversity Institute. (2020, May). Canadian\u2019s shifting outlook on employment: 2020 survey on employment and skills, preliminary report. Toronto, ON: Environics Institute for Survey Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/fsc-ccf.ca\/research\/canadians-shifting-outlook-on-employment\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/fsc-ccf.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Skills-report-ENG-may-18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This multi-partner study found that Canadians did not lose confidence in themselves or in society\u2019s safety despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Amid the pandemic, 54% reported that they felt they could bounce back quickly after these hard times. Individuals with higher levels of education and income reported higher levels confidence. Workers in less secure positions said that they felt certain to be able to access the resources they need.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Environics Institute for Survey Research. (2020, mai). Changement du point de vue des Canadiens sur l\u2019emploi : Sondage 2020 sur l\u2019emploi et les comp\u00e9tences : Rapport pr\u00e9liminaire. Toronto (Ontario).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/fsc-ccf.ca\/fr\/research\/rapport-preliminaire-changement-du-point-de-vue-des-canadiens-sur-lemploi\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/fsc-ccf.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Skills-report-FRE-may-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>L\u2019Environics Institute for Survey Research, en partenariat avec le Centre des Comp\u00e9tences futures et le Diversity Institute de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Ryerson, a men\u00e9 le sondage 2020 sur l\u2019emploi et les comp\u00e9tences. Les auteurs constatent que les Canadiens n\u2019ont pas perdu confiance en eux ni en la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 en raison de l\u2019incidence de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19. Parmi les r\u00e9pondants, 54 % ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu\u2019ils pensaient pouvoir rebondir rapidement apr\u00e8s des moments difficiles en pleine pand\u00e9mie. Les personnes ayant un niveau de scolarit\u00e9 et de revenu plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 ont rapport\u00e9 des niveaux de confiance plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s et les travailleurs occupant des emplois plus pr\u00e9caires ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 qu\u2019ils \u00e9taient certains d\u2019acc\u00e9der aux ressources dont ils ont besoin.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Fairlie, R. W., Couch. K., & Xu, H. (2020, May). The impacts of COVID-19 on minority unemployment: First evidence from April 2020 CPS microdata. NBER Working Paper 27246. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27246\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27246.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using CPS (Current Population Survey) microdata and a difference-in-difference model, the authors investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on minority unemployment in the US. The overall unemployment rate was 14.7% in the period studied.  Estimates show an increase in African American unemployment to 16.6%, which is less than anticipated based on previous recessions. The unemployment rate for Latinx (a gender-neutral neologism for Latina\/Latino) reached 18.2%, however. African Americans were slightly disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 because a slightly favourable industry distribution partially protected them. Latinx were disproportionately hit hard due to occupation and skill differences from whites.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Fairlie, R. W., et Couch. K., Xu H. (2020, mai). The Impacts of COVID-19 on Minority Unemployment: First Evidence from April 2020 CPS Microdata (Les r\u00e9percussions de la COVID-19 sur le ch\u00f4mage des minorit\u00e9s : premi\u00e8res donn\u00e9es probantes des microdonn\u00e9es du Current Population Survey (CPS) d\u2019avril 2020). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27246, Cambridge (Massachussetts).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27246\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27246.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 l\u2019aide des microdonn\u00e9es du CPS jusqu\u2019en avril 2020, les auteurs \u00e9tudient les r\u00e9percussions de la COVID-19 sur le taux de ch\u00f4mage des minorit\u00e9s en appliquant un mod\u00e8le d\u2019\u00e9cart dans les diff\u00e9rences. Leurs r\u00e9sultats r\u00e9v\u00e8lent une augmentation du taux ch\u00f4mage des Afro-Am\u00e9ricains \u00e0 16,6 %, soit moins que pr\u00e9vu compte tenu des r\u00e9cessions pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes, tandis que le taux de ch\u00f4mage des Latinx a atteint 18,2 % (Latinx est un n\u00e9ologisme sans distinction de genre qui fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence aux personnes d\u2019identit\u00e9 culturelle ou ethnique latino-am\u00e9ricaine aux \u00c9tats-Unis). L\u2019\u00e9cart dans les diff\u00e9rences indique que les Afro-Am\u00e9ricains ont \u00e9t\u00e9 touch\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on l\u00e9g\u00e8rement disproportionn\u00e9e par la COVID-19, car une r\u00e9partition l\u00e9g\u00e8rement favorable de l\u2019industrie les a en partie prot\u00e9g\u00e9s d\u2019\u00eatre plus durement touch\u00e9s. Cependant, les Latinx ont \u00e9t\u00e9 touch\u00e9s de fa\u00e7on fortement disproportionn\u00e9e en raison des diff\u00e9rences de profession et de comp\u00e9tences par rapport aux personnes de race blanche.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Forum \u00e9conomique mondial (2020, mai). COVID-19 Risks Outlook : A Preliminary Mapping and Its Implications (Perspectives de risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 la COVID-19 : une cartographie pr\u00e9liminaire et ses r\u00e9percussions). En partenariat avec Marsh & Mclennan et Zurich Insurance Group.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/reports\/covid-19-risks-outlook-a-preliminary-mapping-and-its-implications\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_COVID_19_Risks_Outlook_Special_Edition_Pages.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Le rapport donne un aper\u00e7u pr\u00e9liminaire des risques amplifi\u00e9s et \u00e9mergents dus \u00e0 la crise du coronavirus en s\u2019appuyant sur les avis de pr\u00e8s de 350 professionnels du risque qui ont particip\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019enqu\u00eate COVID-19 sur la perception des risques. Quatre domaines cl\u00e9s de d\u00e9fis importants ressortent de l\u2019enqu\u00eate en tant que pr\u00e9occupations mondiales : les risques \u00e9conomiques, les risques environnementaux, les risques soci\u00e9taux et les risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 la cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9. Selon toute vraisemblance, une r\u00e9cession prolong\u00e9e de l\u2019\u00e9conomie mondiale au cours des 18 prochains mois est \u00e0 pr\u00e9voir, car l\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique est fortement r\u00e9duite en raison de la COVID-19. Les nouvelles pratiques de travail sont plus susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre touch\u00e9es par les cyberattaques et la fraude de donn\u00e9es si aucune mesure proactive n\u2019est prise aujourd\u2019hui pour fa\u00e7onner la nouvelle normalit\u00e9 souhait\u00e9e. Cette crise offre une occasion unique de fa\u00e7onner un monde meilleur.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Furceri, D., P. Loungani, J. D. Ostry et P. Pizzuto. (2020, mai 1). Will Covid-19 affect inequality? Evidence from past pandemics. COVID Economics. CEPR, no 12, p. 138 \u00e0 157.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/cepr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/news\/CovidEconomics12.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Comme le coefficient de Gini a augment\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale \u00e0 la suite d\u2019autres pand\u00e9mies r\u00e9centes, comme la grippe H1N1, les auteurs \u00e9tudient les r\u00e9percussions potentielles de la COVID-19 sur l\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9 des revenus. L\u2019ensemble de donn\u00e9es provient de diverses sources, dont la Banque mondiale et l\u2019Organisation internationale du Travail. Ils estiment les fonctions de r\u00e9ponse impulsionnelle pour analyser les effets possibles de la COVID-19 sur l\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9 des revenus \u00e0 l\u2019avenir. Ils concluent que les effets de la COVID-19 sur l\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9 seront plus importants que ceux d\u2019autres pand\u00e9mies r\u00e9centes. Ils estiment une hausse des parts de revenus dans les d\u00e9ciles de revenu sup\u00e9rieur et une r\u00e9duction du ratio emploi-population pour les personnes ayant un niveau d\u2019\u00e9ducation de base par rapport \u00e0 celles ayant fait des \u00e9tudes sup\u00e9rieures. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Granja, J., Makridis, C., Yannelis, C. et Zwick, E. (2020, mai). Did the paycheck protection program hit the target? (Le programme de protection des salaires a-t-il atteint son objectif?). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27095.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27095\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27095.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document examine le nouveau programme de protection des salaires qui faisait partie de la r\u00e9ponse initiale des \u00c9tats-Unis \u00e0 la COVID-19. En utilisant des donn\u00e9es sur la distribution des pr\u00eats du programme et des donn\u00e9es micro\u00e9conomiques de haute fr\u00e9quence sur l\u2019emploi, les auteurs ont constat\u00e9 que les pr\u00eats \u00e9taient accord\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re disproportionn\u00e9e dans les r\u00e9gions moins touch\u00e9es par la crise. Les r\u00e9gions expos\u00e9es \u00e0 des banques ayant une part plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e de pr\u00eats du programme par rapport \u00e0 leur part de march\u00e9 des pr\u00eats aux entreprises avant l\u2019adoption de la politique ont re\u00e7u un total disproportionn\u00e9 de pr\u00eats du programme.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Granja, J., Makridis, C., Yannelis, C., &amp; Zwick, E. (2020, May). Did the paycheck protection program hit the target? NBER Working Paper 27095. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27095\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27095.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t <em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper looks at the new Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) that was part of the United States\u2019 initial response to COVID-19. Using data on the distribution of PPP loans and high-frequency micro-level employment data, they found a disproportionate allocation to areas less affected by the crisis. Areas exposed to banks with a higher PPP lending share compared to their pre-policy business lending market share received a disproportionately larger number of PPP loans.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Jinjarak, Y., Ahmed, R., Nair-Desai, S., Xin, W., & Aizenman, J. (2020, May). Accounting for global COVID-19 diffusion patterns, January\u2013April 2020. NBER Working Paper 27185. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27185\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27185.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>To help understand global pandemic diffusion patterns, the authors examine the relationship between COVID-19 mortality rates and specific country-level policy interventions aimed to limit social contact. COVID-19 policy and case data was collected by Oxford University and John Hopkins University, Apple mobility data and various controls. As well, OECD and Emerging Market data for the first 97 days of the pandemic was used. The authors found that more stringent pandemic policies resulted in lower mortality growth rates. In addition, countries with more stringent policies in place prior to the first COVID-19 death had lower mortality rates and flatter mortality curves. This effect is more pronounced in countries with an aging population, a higher population density, a greater share of employees in vulnerable occupations, greater democratic freedom, more international travel and a greater distance from the equator.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Jinjarak, Y., Ahmed, R., Nair-Desai, S., Xin, W., et Aizenman, J. (2020, mai). Accounting for Global COVID-19 Diffusion Patterns, January-April 2020 (Comptabilisation des sch\u00e9mas de diffusion mondiaux de la COVID-19, janvier-avril 2020). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no w27185.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27185\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27185.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Dans le but de comprendre les sch\u00e9mas de diffusion de la pand\u00e9mie mondiale, cette \u00e9tude examine la relation entre les taux de mortalit\u00e9 de la COVID-19 et les interventions politiques explicites au niveau des pays qui visent \u00e0 limiter les contacts sociaux. Ils utilisent l\u2019information sur les donn\u00e9es relatives aux politiques et aux cas de la COVID-19 recueillies par l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Oxford et l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Johns-Hopkins, les donn\u00e9es sur la mobilit\u00e9 d\u2019Apple et divers contr\u00f4les, ainsi que les donn\u00e9es de l\u2019OCDE et des march\u00e9s \u00e9mergents durant les 97 premiers jours de la pand\u00e9mie. Les auteurs constatent que des politiques plus rigoureuses en mati\u00e8re de pand\u00e9mie ont entra\u00een\u00e9 une baisse des taux de croissance de la mortalit\u00e9. En outre, les pays qui avaient mis en place des politiques plus strictes avant le premier d\u00e9c\u00e8s d\u00fb \u00e0 la COVID-19 pr\u00e9sentaient des taux de mortalit\u00e9 plus faibles et des courbes de mortalit\u00e9 plus aplaties. Cet effet est plus prononc\u00e9 dans les pays o\u00f9 la population vieillit, o\u00f9 la densit\u00e9 de la population est plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e, o\u00f9 la proportion de travailleurs occupant des emplois vuln\u00e9rables est plus importante, o\u00f9 la libert\u00e9 d\u00e9mocratique est plus grande, o\u00f9 les voyages internationaux sont plus nombreux et o\u00f9 la distance par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9quateur est plus grande.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Mongey, S., Pilossoph, L. et Weinber, A. (2020, mai). Which workers bear the burden of social distancing policies? (Quels travailleurs portent le fardeau des politiques d\u2019\u00e9loignement social?). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27085.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27085\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27085.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 deux indicateurs cr\u00e9\u00e9s \u00e0 partir des donn\u00e9es de l\u2019Occupational Information Network (O*NET) des \u00c9tats-Unis, il est d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que les travailleurs exer\u00e7ant des professions o\u00f9 la possibilit\u00e9 de travailler \u00e0 distance est peu probable ou dans lesquelles il existe un degr\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9 de proximit\u00e9 physique sur le lieu de travail, en moyenne et en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, sont moins instruits, ont des revenus plus faibles, poss\u00e8dent moins de liquidit\u00e9s et sont locataires de leur domicile plut\u00f4t que propri\u00e9taires. De plus, les travailleurs occupant des professions moins susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre exerc\u00e9es de la maison ont connu des pertes d\u2019emploi plus importantes que les autres.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Mongey, S., Pilossoph, L., &amp; Weinberg, A. (2020, May). Which workers bear the burden of social distancing policies? NBER Working Paper 27085. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27085\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27085.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t <em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using two indicators created from US Occupational Information Network \u2014 O*NET \u2014 data, the authors of this report look at workers in occupations whose possibility of working remotely is unlikely or who have a high degree of physical proximity in the workplace. These workers tend, on average, to be less educated, to earn lower incomes, to possess fewer liquid assets and to rent rather than own their homes. In addition, workers employed in occupations less likely to be conducted from home experienced larger job losses than those whose occupations can be done remotely.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Nations Unies (2020, mai). Note d\u2019orientation \u2013 Les cons\u00e9quences de la COVID-19 sur les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/dspd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/05\/un_policy_brief_on_covid-19_and_older_persons_1_may_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cette note d\u2019orientation des Nations Unies d\u00e9crit les effets de la COVID-19 et pr\u00e9cise les r\u00e9ponses politiques imm\u00e9diates et \u00e0 plus long terme n\u00e9cessaires pour prot\u00e9ger les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, dont le taux de mortalit\u00e9 est cinq fois plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 que les autres groupes d\u2019\u00e2ge durant la pand\u00e9mie. Les auteurs recommandent de renforcer l\u2019inclusion sociale des personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es et la solidarit\u00e9 lors de l\u2019\u00e9loignement physique en augmentant leur acc\u00e8s aux technologies num\u00e9riques, ainsi que de prot\u00e9ger leur vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 en investissant dans la couverture m\u00e9dicale universelle et la protection sociale et en renfor\u00e7ant le cadre juridique national et international. De plus, les risques auxquels sont expos\u00e9es les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es dans l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux soins de sant\u00e9 doivent \u00eatre correctement surveill\u00e9s et pleinement pris en compte.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>United Nations. (2020, May). Policy brief: The impact of COVID-19 on older persons. New York\/Geneva<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/dspd\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/22\/2020\/05\/un_policy_brief_on_covid-19_and_older_persons_1_may_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t <em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, those over 80 years of age face a mortality rate five times higher than other age groups. This United Nations policy brief elaborates on these impacts and identifies both immediate and longer-term policy responses needed to protect the elderly. They recommend strengthening older people\u2019s social inclusion and solidarity during physical distancing. Increasing their access to digital technologies, protecting their vulnerability by investing in universal health coverage and social protection, and strengthening the applicable national and international legal frameworks are all suggested. Furthermore, risks faced by older persons in accessing health care need to be properly monitored and fully addressed.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>WEF. (2020, May). COVID-19 risks outlook: A preliminary mapping and its implications. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum in partnership with Marsh & McLennan and Zurich Insurance Group.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/reports\/covid-19-risks-outlook-a-preliminary-mapping-and-its-implications\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_COVID_19_Risks_Outlook_Special_Edition_Pages.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Nearly 350 senior risk professionals participated in a COVID-19 Risks Perception Survey. This report taps into that data to provide a preliminary picture of amplified and emerging risks due to the pandemic. Four key areas of significant challenge emerge as global concerns: 1) economic risks, 2) environmental risks, 3) societal risks and 4) cybersecurity risks. A prolonged global recession over the next 18 months is likely with severely diminished economic activity due to COVID-19. New working patterns that rely on the Internet are more likely to be affected by cyberattacks and data fraud if proactive action is not taken. The report concludes, however, that this crisis offers a unique opportunity to shape a better world.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>ILO. (2020, April 29). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work, 3rd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/topics\/coronavirus\/impacts-and-responses\/WCMS_743146\/lang--en\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This third edition of the ILO Monitor updates estimates and analysis on the effects of COVID-19 on the world of work. Key messages include that the proportion of workers living in countries with recommended or required workplace closures has decreased from 81% to 68% over the last two weeks. This is mainly driven by lifting workplace closures in China. The global working hours in Q2 are expected to be 10.5% lower than in the last pre-crisis quarter. This is equivalent to 305 million full-time jobs. Estimates also indicate that the Americas (12.4%) and Europe and Central Asia (11.8%) will experience the greatest loss in working hours. The report also highlights the vulnerabilities of own-account workers in emerging and developing countries.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Organisation internationale du travail. (2020, 29\u00a0avril).\u00a0Observatoire de l\u2019OIT 3e\u00a0\u00e9dition\u00a0: le COVID-19 et le monde du travail, estimations actualis\u00e9es et analyses.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/about-the-ilo\/WCMS_743155\/lang--fr\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Dans cette \u00e9dition, l\u2019OIT met \u00e0 jour ses estimations et analyses de l\u2019effet de la COVID-19 sur le monde du travail. Les principaux messages sont les suivants\u00a0: la proportion de travailleurs vivant dans des pays o\u00f9 les fermetures de lieux de travail sont recommand\u00e9es ou obligatoires est pass\u00e9e de 81\u00a0% \u00e0 68\u00a0% au cours des deux derni\u00e8res semaines, une diminution principalement due \u00e0 la r\u00e9ouverture des lieux de travail en Chine. Le temps de travail global au deuxi\u00e8me trimestre devrait \u00eatre de 10,5% inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 celui du dernier trimestre d\u2019avant la crise. Cela \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 305\u00a0millions d\u2019emplois \u00e0 temps plein. Les estimations indiquent \u00e9galement que parmi les groupes r\u00e9gionaux, les Am\u00e9riques (12,4\u00a0%) et l\u2019Europe et l\u2019Asie centrale (11,8\u00a0%) conna\u00eetront la plus grande perte d\u2019heures de travail. Le rapport souligne \u00e9galement les vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s des travailleurs autonomes dans les pays \u00e9mergents et en d\u00e9veloppement.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>COVID-19 Crisis Business Continuity and Trade Working Group. (2020, April 24). Restart playbook must balance risks with economic costs. Crisis Working Group Report, Communique #5. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/sites\/default\/files\/attachments\/communiques\/mixed\/CWGR_2020_0424.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The C.D. Howe Institute created a working group of industry experts and economists, meeting weekly to identify and prioritize the policy challenges of COVID-19. In this communique, the working group makes several recommendations for restarting the Canadian economy after the pandemic closures. Specifically, they note that provincial governments are best positioned to determine when and how to relax emergency measures. However, the Federal Government should establish appropriate pre-conditions based on the advice of public health experts. Policy makers must also define acceptable levels for the risk of transmission and provide a framework for assessing workplace risk. The Federal Government should also consider how best to phase out emergency benefits (i.e., the Canada Emergency Response Benefit and the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy).<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>C.D. Howe Institute. (2020, 24\u00a0avril). Restart playbook must balance risk with economic cost (Le programme de relance doit trouver un \u00e9quilibre entre le risque et le co\u00fbt \u00e9conomique). COVID-19 Crisis Business Continuity and Trade Working Group.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdhowe.org\/sites\/default\/files\/attachments\/communiques\/mixed\/CWGR_2020_0424.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Le C.D. Howe Institute a cr\u00e9\u00e9 un groupe de travail constitu\u00e9 d\u2019experts de l\u2019industrie et d\u2019\u00e9conomistes, qui se r\u00e9unit chaque semaine pour cerner les d\u00e9fis politiques li\u00e9s \u00e0 la COVID-19 et \u00e9tablir les priorit\u00e9s en la mati\u00e8re. Dans son dernier communiqu\u00e9, le groupe de travail fait plusieurs recommandations pour relancer l\u2019\u00e9conomie canadienne apr\u00e8s les r\u00e9centes fermetures. Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, il note que les gouvernements provinciaux sont les mieux plac\u00e9s pour d\u00e9terminer quand et comment assouplir les mesures d\u2019urgence, mais sugg\u00e8re que le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral \u00e9tablisse les conditions pr\u00e9alables appropri\u00e9es selon l\u2019avis des experts en sant\u00e9 publique. Les d\u00e9cideurs politiques devront \u00e9galement d\u00e9finir les niveaux acceptables de risque de transmission et fournir un cadre de travail pour l\u2019\u00e9valuation du risque en milieu de travail. De plus, le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral devrait examiner la meilleure fa\u00e7on d\u2019\u00e9liminer progressivement les prestations d\u2019urgence offertes (c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire la Prestation canadienne d\u2019urgence et la Subvention salariale d\u2019urgence du Canada).<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Ding, W., Levine, R., Lin, C. et Xie, W. (2020, 23 avril). Corporate Immunity to the COVID-19 Pandemic (L\u2019immunit\u00e9 des entreprises face \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 27055.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27055\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27055.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cette \u00e9tude examine les caract\u00e9ristiques des entreprises \u00e9tablies avant 2020 qui rendent les rendent plus r\u00e9sistantes aux cons\u00e9quences de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19. Les auteurs comparent la performance du cours de l\u2019action de plus de 6\u00a0000\u00a0soci\u00e9t\u00e9s dans 56\u00a0pays au premier trimestre de 2020, en tenant compte de cinq caract\u00e9ristiques\u00a0: la situation financi\u00e8re (p. ex., le flux de tr\u00e9sorerie ou la rentabilit\u00e9), l\u2019exposition de la cha\u00eene d\u2019approvisionnement mondiale et de la localisation des clients \u00e0 la COVID-19, les activit\u00e9s de responsabilit\u00e9 sociale des entreprises (RSE), les syst\u00e8mes de gouvernance et les structures de propri\u00e9t\u00e9. L\u2019\u00e9tude r\u00e9v\u00e8le que le cours de l\u2019action des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s dont la situation financi\u00e8re ant\u00e9rieure \u00e0 2020 \u00e9tait plus solide a mieux r\u00e9agi \u00e0 la situation que celui des autres entreprises. sDe m\u00eame, les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s dot\u00e9es de politiques de RSE plus pouss\u00e9es, d\u2019une structure d\u2019entreprise flexible et d\u2019un actionnaire majoritaire important ont aussi connu de meilleures r\u00e9ponses quant au prix des actions.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Ding, W., Levine, R., Lin, C., &amp; Xie, W. (2020, April 23). Corporate immunity to the COVID-19 pandemic. NBER Working Paper 27055. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27055\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27055.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t <em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This study examines pre-2020 corporate characteristics that make firms more resilient to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors compare the stock price performance of over 6000 firms across 56 countries for Q1 of 2020 considering five characteristics: 1) financial condition (e.g., cash flow or profitability), 2) international supply chain and customer location exposure to COVID-19, 3) corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities, 4) corporate governance systems and 5) large-committed ownership structures. The study finds that firms with stronger pre-2020 financial conditions showed better stock price reactions compared to similar firms. Those whose supply chains and customers have greater exposure to COVID-19 also experienced a greater pandemic-induced stock price drop. Similarly, those with stronger CSR policies, flexible corporate structure, and large ownership also experienced better stock price reactions.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Schmitt-Groh\u00e9, D., Teoh, K. et Uribe, M., (2020, 21\u00a0avril), COVID-19: Testing Inequality in New\u00a0York City (COVID-19\u00a0: in\u00e9galit\u00e9 des tests \u00e0 New\u00a0York). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no\u00a027019.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 partir des donn\u00e9es du d\u00e9partement de la Sant\u00e9 et de l\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne mentale de la Ville de New\u00a0York et de l\u2019American Community Survey, ce document r\u00e9v\u00e8le que les tests de d\u00e9pistage de COVID-19 ont suivi la m\u00eame distribution par code postal que les niveaux de revenus. En effet, les 10\u00a0% de la population vivant dans les zones les plus riches ont re\u00e7u 11\u00a0% des tests, et les 10\u00a0% des zones les plus pauvres, 10\u00a0%. Bien que les tests soient r\u00e9partis de mani\u00e8re \u00e9gale entre les diff\u00e9rentes cat\u00e9gories de revenus, les r\u00e9sidents des quartiers \u00e0 faibles revenus sont beaucoup plus nombreux \u00e0 obtenir un r\u00e9sultat positif, soit 65\u00a0% comparativement \u00e0 la moyenne de 50\u00a0%. Par cons\u00e9quent, comme la COVID-19 est plus r\u00e9pandue dans les zones aux revenus les plus faibles, la proportion \u00e9gale de tests refl\u00e8te l\u2019in\u00e9galit\u00e9 d\u2019acc\u00e8s entre les cat\u00e9gories de revenus.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Schmitt-Groh\u00e9, D., Teoh, K., &amp; Uribe, M. (2020, April 21). COVID-19: Testing inequality in New York City. NBER Working Paper 27019. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27019.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using data from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and the American Community Survey, this paper finds that COVID-19 tests were distributed at nearly the exact same rate across income levels as measured by zip code. The 10% of the richest areas and 10% of the poorest received 11% and 10% of the tests, respectively. Although tests were distributed equally across income groups, residents in low-income neighbourhoods tested positive at a much higher rate \u2014 65% versus 50% for higher income areas. Therefore, since COVID-19 is more prevalent in lower income neighbourhoods, the equal share of tests in effect reflects unequal access.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>St-Denis, X. (2020, 19\u00a0avril). Sociodemographic determinants of occupational risks of exposure to COVID-19 in Canada (D\u00e9terminants sociod\u00e9mographiques des risques professionnels d\u2019exposition \u00e0 la COVID-19 au Canada). Tir\u00e9 du site web de l\u2019auteur.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/preprints\/socarxiv\/nrjd3\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document explore comment les risques d\u2019exposition professionnelle varient selon les caract\u00e9ristiques de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre dans le contexte canadien, \u00e0 l\u2019aide de donn\u00e9es du recensement et de O*Net qui fournissent de l\u2019information sur les niveaux de proximit\u00e9 physique des autres et sur la fr\u00e9quence d\u2019exposition aux infections ou aux maladies par profession. L\u2019\u00e9tude r\u00e9v\u00e8le que les femmes exercent des professions associ\u00e9es \u00e0 des risques d\u2019exposition \u00e0 la COVID-19 nettement plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s que les hommes. Les professions en sant\u00e9, en ventes et services et en droit et services sociaux, communautaires et gouvernementaux pr\u00e9sentent un risque d\u2019exposition plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 que les autres cat\u00e9gories professionnelles.<\/p>\n<p>Bien que les travailleurs \u00e2g\u00e9s de 65\u00a0ans et plus exercent des professions dont le degr\u00e9 de proximit\u00e9 physique est moindre, la fr\u00e9quence d\u2019exposition des travailleurs \u00e2g\u00e9s \u00e0 la maladie est l\u00e9g\u00e8rement sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle des jeunes travailleurs. Il existe des diff\u00e9rences minimes dans le risque professionnel d\u2019exposition \u00e0 la COVID-19 auquel font face les travailleurs n\u00e9s au Canada et les travailleurs immigr\u00e9s. Enfin, en ce qui a trait aux niveaux de revenus, les travailleurs \u00e0 faible revenu exercent des professions qui les exposent davantage \u00e0 la COVID-19 que les autres travailleurs, et ils sont davantage susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre fortement dissuad\u00e9s financi\u00e8rement de s\u2019absenter du travail s\u2019ils contractent le virus, ce qui peut augmenter le risque de transmission sur le lieu de travail.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>St-Denis, X. (2020, April 19). Sociodemographic determinants of occupational risks of exposure to COVID-19 in Canada. Department of Sociology, University of Toronto.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/preprints\/socarxiv\/nrjd3\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper explores how occupational exposure risks vary by labour force characteristics in the Canadian context. The author uses Census and O*Net data to provide occupational information on the levels of physical proximity to others and frequency of exposure to infection or disease. The study finds that women work in occupations associated with significantly higher risks of exposure to COVID-19 than men. Occupations in health, sales and service, education, law, and social, community and government services demonstrate higher risks of exposure than other categories.<\/p>\n<p>Although workers aged 65 or older work in occupations with a lower degree of physical proximity, their frequency of exposure is slightly higher than for younger workers. There are minimal differences in the occupational risks of exposure to COVID-19 for Canadian-born versus immigrant workers. Finally, in terms of earning levels, low-income workers are employed in occupations that put them at greater risk of exposure to COVID-19. These workers are also more likely to face strong financial disincentives to be absent from work if they contract the virus, which may increase the risk of workplace transmission.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Amarasinghe, U., Motha-Pollock, A., Felder, M. et Oschinski, M. (2020, 17 avril). COVID-19 and Ontario\u2019s Sales and Service Workers: Who is most vulnerable? (La COVID-19 et les travailleurs des ventes et services de l\u2019Ontario : qui sont les plus vuln\u00e9rables?). MaRS.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marsdd.com\/research-and-insights\/covid-19-and-ontarios-sales-and-service-workers-who-is-most-vulnerable\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>En se concentrant sur les ventes et les services en Ontario, MaRS se sert des donn\u00e9es de l\u2019EPA de mars\u00a02020 pour mesurer la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 des travailleurs au risque d\u2019exposition \u00e0 la COVID-19. Pour cette \u00e9tude, ils ont \u00e9tabli une correspondance entre la liste des lieux de travail essentiels en Ontario et les industries (SCIAN). Ils ont aussi utilis\u00e9 la m\u00e9thodologie du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/03\/15\/business\/economy\/coronavirus-worker-risk.html\">New York Times<\/a> et du <a href=\"https:\/\/brookfieldinstitute.ca\/commentary\/anything-but-static-risks-of-covid-19-to-workers-in-canada\/\">Brookfield Institute<\/a> pour deux scores\u00a0: l\u2019exposition \u00e0 la maladie et la proximit\u00e9 physique des autres, par profession. Les r\u00e9sultats sugg\u00e8rent que pr\u00e8s de 70\u00a0% des travailleurs des ventes et services de l\u2019Ontario (un\u00a0million) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 jug\u00e9s essentiels, et plus de 400\u00a0000\u00a0d\u2019entre eux pr\u00e9sentent un risque mod\u00e9r\u00e9 d\u2019exposition \u00e0 la maladie et travaillent \u00e0 grande proximit\u00e9 physique des autres. Ce secteur comprend un grand nombre d\u2019employ\u00e9s \u00e0 temps partiel, de personnes de plus de 60\u00a0ans et d\u2019immigrants sans citoyennet\u00e9 ni statut de r\u00e9sidence permanente.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Amarasinghe, U., Motha-Pollock, A., Felder, M., &amp; Oschinski, M. (2020, April 17). COVID-19 and Ontario\u2019s sales and service workers: Who is most vulnerable? Toronto: MaRS Discovery District.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.marsdd.com\/research-and-insights\/covid-19-and-ontarios-sales-and-service-workers-who-is-most-vulnerable\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>By focusing on Ontario\u2019s sales and service industry, MaRS uses March 2020 Labour Force Survey (LFS) data to measure the vulnerability of workers to the risk of COVID-19 exposure. For this study, they mapped the list of essential workplaces in Ontario to industries (NAICS), and used the methodology of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/03\/15\/business\/economy\/coronavirus-worker-risk.html\">New York Times<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/brookfieldinstitute.ca\/commentary\/anything-but-static-risks-of-covid-19-to-workers-in-canada\/\">Brookfield Institute<\/a> on two scores: 1) disease exposure and 2) physical proximity to others by occupation. The findings suggest that nearly 70% of sales and service workers in Ontario (1 million) have been deemed essential. More than 400,000 of them have moderate disease exposure risk and work in high physical proximity to others. This sector includes many part-time employees, people over 60, and immigrants without citizenship or permanent resident status.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Fonds mon\u00e9taire international. (2020, 17\u00a0avril). Policy Responses To COVID-19 (R\u00e9ponses politiques \u00e0 la COVID-19).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Topics\/imf-and-covid19\/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Le FMI r\u00e9sume les principales mesures \u00e9conomiques adopt\u00e9es par 193\u00a0pays pour r\u00e9duire les cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques et humaines de la pand\u00e9mie. Ce document est r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement mis \u00e0 jour et pr\u00e9sente les principales politiques li\u00e9es \u00e0 la COVID-19. Toutefois, les politiques \u00e9num\u00e9r\u00e9es par le FMI pourraient ne pas pleinement refl\u00e9ter les politiques mises en place par les pays en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la crise.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>IMF. (2020, April 17). Policy responses to COVID-19. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Topics\/imf-and-covid19\/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The IMF summarizes the key economic responses that 193 countries have taken to reduce the human and economic impact of the pandemic. This document is updated regularly and includes key policies related to COVID-19. However, the list might not fully reflect all policies implemented, as changes are made rapidly.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Jackson, J., Weiss, M., Schwarzenberg, A. et Nelson, R. (2020, 17\u00a0avril). Global Economic Effects of COVID-19 (Effets \u00e9conomiques mondiaux de la COVID-19). Congressional Research Service.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/row\/R46270.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Le rapport r\u00e9sume les effets \u00e9conomiques mondiaux de la pand\u00e9mie et les r\u00e9ponses politiques apport\u00e9es par les gouvernements et les institutions internationales. Les auteurs indiquent que l\u2019\u00e9conomie mondiale pourrait reculer de 3\u00a0% en 2020, avant de cro\u00eetre de 5,8\u00a0% en 2021, selon les pr\u00e9cisions du FMI du 14\u00a0avril 2020. On pr\u00e9voit qu\u2019en 2020, le commerce mondial devrait chuter de 11,0\u00a0% et les prix du p\u00e9trole, de 42\u00a0%. Toutefois, les pr\u00e9visions supposent que la crise s\u2019estompe d\u2019ici la fin du premier semestre de 2020 et que les mesures de confinement puissent \u00eatre lev\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>En outre, parmi la plupart des \u00e9conomies d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es et des principales \u00e9conomies en d\u00e9veloppement, les pays fortement d\u00e9pendants du commerce et exportateurs de produits de base tels que le Canada, l\u2019Allemagne, l\u2019Italie, le Japon, le Mexique et la Cor\u00e9e du Sud devraient \u00eatre les plus touch\u00e9s par le ralentissement de l\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique associ\u00e9 au virus. L\u2019OCDE note \u00e9galement que le d\u00e9clin de la production en Chine aura des r\u00e9percussions dans le monde entier, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 le r\u00f4le du pays dans la production et comme source primaire de la demande de nombreux produits de base.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Jackson, J., Weiss, M., Schwarzenberg, A., &amp; Nelson, R. (2020, April 17). Global economic effects of COVID-19. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/row\/R46270.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This report summarizes the global economic effects and policy responses to the pandemic provided by governments and international institutions. The global economy could decline by 3% in 2020 before growing by 5.8% in 2021, based on IMF\u2019s forecast of April 14, 2020. Global trade is projected to fall by 11% and oil prices are projected to fall by 42% in 2020. However, the forecast assumes that the crisis fades by the end of the first half of 2020 and that containment effects can be reversed.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, among most developed and major developing economies, countries highly dependent on trade and commodity exports \u2014 such as Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, and South Korea \u2014 are projected to be the most negatively affected by the economic slowdown associated with the virus. The OECD also notes that production declines in China will have spillover effects around the world given that China is a primary customer for many commodities.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Aaronson, S. et Alba, F. (2020, 15\u00a0avril). The unemployment impacts of COVID-19: lessons from the Great Recession (Cons\u00e9quences de la COVID-19 sur le ch\u00f4mage : les le\u00e7ons de la Grande R\u00e9cession). Brookings Up Front.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www-brookings-edu.cdn.ampproject.org\/c\/s\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/up-front\/2020\/04\/15\/the-unemployment-impacts-of-covid-19-lessons-from-the-great-recession\/amp\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Les donn\u00e9es de crises pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes, comme celle de l\u2019ouragan Katrina et la crise financi\u00e8re de 2008-2009, o\u00f9 les r\u00e9gions ont \u00e9t\u00e9 affect\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re in\u00e9gale, montrent que tout changement important du taux de ch\u00f4mage ainsi provoqu\u00e9 est temporaire. Une analyse de 138\u00a0zones m\u00e9tropolitaines des \u00c9tats-Unis ayant subi des chocs idiosyncrasiques indique que les taux de ch\u00f4mage ont tendance \u00e0 revenir \u00e0 leur courbe de distribution \u00e0 long terme. Comme ces crises pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes, la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 a eu des cons\u00e9quences in\u00e9gales sur les r\u00e9gions. Par exemple, les premi\u00e8res zones m\u00e9tropolitaines touch\u00e9es par le virus ont ferm\u00e9 plus t\u00f4t les entreprises non essentielles. De plus, les \u00e9conomies des r\u00e9gions les plus d\u00e9pendantes de l\u2019\u00e9nergie, du tourisme et de l\u2019h\u00f4tellerie ont souffert de ralentissements plus importants que celles qui reposent sur l\u2019agriculture ou les services professionnels. Pour les d\u00e9cideurs, il est important de prendre en compte les diverses difficult\u00e9s auxquelles fait face chaque localit\u00e9, car elles laissent entrevoir diff\u00e9rentes approches en mati\u00e8re d\u2019aide et de strat\u00e9gies visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les disparit\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Aaronson, S., &amp; Alba, F. (2020, April 15). The unemployment impacts of COVID-19: Lessons from the Great Recession. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www-brookings-edu.cdn.ampproject.org\/c\/s\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/up-front\/2020\/04\/15\/the-unemployment-impacts-of-covid-19-lessons-from-the-great-recession\/amp\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Data from previous crises \u2014 such as Hurricane Katrina and Great Recession of 2007\u20132009 \u2014 show that geographic areas are often impacted unevenly. Any resulting spikes the unemployment rate are temporary, however. This analysis of 138 US metropolitan areas that have experienced idiosyncratic shocks shows that unemployment rates tend to rebound after the crisis has passed.<\/p>\n<p>As with previous crises, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted metropolitan areas unevenly. For example, those metropolitan areas first affected by the virus closed non-essential businesses sooner. In addition, the economies of areas with greater dependency on energy, tourism and hospitality have suffered greater slowdowns than those relying more on agriculture or professional services. Policy makers should consider the different challenges faced by each locality as they suggest approaches to providing aid. The solutions provided should attempt to reduce any disparities between them.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Stojkoski, V., Utkovski, Z., Jolakoski, P., Tevdovski, D., & Kocarev, L. (2020, April 14). The socio-economic determinants of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. SSRN Electronic Journal.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/340712025_The_Socio-Economic_Determinants_of_the_Coronavirus_Disease_COVID-19_Pandemic\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper focuses on the socio-economic determinants that contribute to COVID-19 cases\/deaths among countries. By leveraging Bayesian model averaging techniques and country level data, the authors identify 29 potential determinants grouped into several broad categories: healthcare infrastructure, national health statistics, societal characteristics, economic performance, demographic structure and natural environment. Their results suggest two determinants with a strong correlation to coronavirus cases: population size and government health expenditures. More populated countries show greater resistance to being infected by the virus, whereas countries with larger government health expenditures display greater susceptibility. However, no determinant could predict coronavirus deaths per capita.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Stojkoski, V., Utkovski, Z., Jolakoski, P., Tevdovski, D., & Kocarev, L. (2020, avril 14). The socio-economic determinants of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Journal \u00e9lectronique du SSRN.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/340712025_The_Socio-Economic_Determinants_of_the_Coronavirus_Disease_COVID-19_Pandemic\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Le pr\u00e9sent document met l\u2019accent sur les d\u00e9terminants socio\u00e9conomiques qui contribuent aux cas et aux d\u00e9c\u00e8s de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 qui en r\u00e9sultent dans les pays. En tirant parti des techniques bay\u00e9siennes de calcul des moyennes et des donn\u00e9es au niveau des pays, les auteurs identifient un total de 29 d\u00e9terminants potentiels regroup\u00e9s dans l\u2019infrastructure des soins de sant\u00e9, les statistiques sanitaires nationales, les caract\u00e9ristiques soci\u00e9tales, la performance \u00e9conomique, la structure d\u00e9mographique et l\u2019environnement naturel. Leurs r\u00e9sultats sugg\u00e8rent deux d\u00e9terminants pr\u00e9sentant une forte corr\u00e9lation avec les cas de coronavirus : la taille de la population et les d\u00e9penses publiques en sant\u00e9. Les \u00e9conomies les plus peupl\u00e9es pr\u00e9sentent une plus grande r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 l\u2019infection par le virus, tandis que les pays dont les d\u00e9penses de sant\u00e9 publiques sont plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es sont plus sensibles \u00e0 l\u2019infection par le virus.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Rousseau, H-P. (2020, 9 avril). COVID-19\u00a0\u2013 Id\u00e9es de politiques \u00e9conomiques de gestion et de sortie de crise pour le Qu\u00e9bec et le Canada. CIRANO.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cirano.qc.ca\/en\/summaries\/2020RB-02\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cirano.qc.ca\/files\/publications\/2020RB-02.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>L\u2019auteur estime que cette crise sanitaire sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent nous offre une excellente occasion de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique et d\u00e9mocratique. Il pr\u00e9sente un ensemble de suggestions de politiques \u00e9conomiques en r\u00e9ponse aux cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques de la COVID-19. Le plan met l\u2019accent sur trois composantes\u00a0: (1)\u00a0g\u00e9rer la crise sanitaire, (2)\u00a0soutenir financi\u00e8rement les personnes et les entreprises qui sont touch\u00e9es \u00e0 court terme et (3)\u00a0am\u00e9liorer l\u2019infrastructure \u00e9conomique \u00e0 long terme pour att\u00e9nuer les r\u00e9percussions \u00e9conomiques des futures crises sanitaires. La politique \u00e9conomique doit inclure des strat\u00e9gies \u00e0 long terme, au moment o\u00f9 la crise sanitaire se r\u00e9sorbe et la reprise \u00e9conomique commence. Par exemple, les cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement locales en denr\u00e9es alimentaires, fournitures m\u00e9dicales ou autres biens essentiels sont n\u00e9cessaires lorsque les cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement mondiales sont perturb\u00e9es. De nouvelles formes de coop\u00e9ration et de collaboration entre les secteurs priv\u00e9 et public seront \u00e9galement n\u00e9cessaires.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Rousseau, H.-P. (2020, April 9). COVID-19: Economic policy options for managing and recovering from the crisis in Quebec and Canada. Montr\u00e9al, QC: CIRANO.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cirano.qc.ca\/en\/summaries\/2020RB-02\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cirano.qc.ca\/files\/publications\/2020RB-02.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The author believes that this unprecedented health crisis provides a critical opportunity for economic and democratic development. He presents a set of economic policy suggestions in response to the economic impacts of COVID-19. The plan emphasizes three components: 1) managing the health crisis, 2) financially supporting individuals and businesses affected in the short-ter<a href=\"#\">m, and 3) improving economic infrastructure to mitigate the economic impacts of future health crises in the long-term. The new economic policy must include long-term <\/a><\/p>\n<p>strategies for when the health crisis subsides and the economic recovery has begun. For example, local supply chains of food, medical supplies, or other essential goods will be needed when global supply chains are disrupted. New forms of co-operation and collaboration between the private and public sectors will also be required.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>APEC. (2020, April 8). Occupational analysis. Halifax, NS: Atlantic Provinces Economic Council.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.apec-econ.ca\/covid\/economicimpacts\/occupation\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Preliminary estimates from Atlantic Canada, based on 4-digit National Occupational Classification (NOC) codes, show that about 70% of workers must perform their jobs at their place of work (e.g., manufacturing plants, construction sites, hospitals and restaurants), or must work directly with clients (e.g., hairdressers and massage therapists). These workers are at high risk of being laid off if they cannot adjust their work to meet the new health and safety measures of the COVID-19 epidemic. Even for those 30% who can arrange to work from home, there is still the risk of layoff because of the overall reduction in demand for goods and services.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Baker McKenzie. (2020, 8 avril). Beyond COVID-19: Supply Chain Resilience Holds Key to Recovery (Au-del\u00e0 de la COVID-19 : la r\u00e9silience de la cha\u00eene d\u2019approvisionnement est la cl\u00e9 de la reprise).\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bakermckenzie.com\/-\/media\/files\/insight\/publications\/2020\/04\/covid19-global-economy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>En s\u2019appuyant sur des donn\u00e9es d\u2019Oxford Economics, Baker McKenzie a constat\u00e9 que les secteurs de l\u2019automobile, du textile et de l\u2019\u00e9lectronique sont les plus durement touch\u00e9s par cette pand\u00e9mie, mais qu\u2019ils devraient \u00e9galement rebondir d\u2019ici le premier semestre de 2021. L\u2019auteur estime que les entreprises doivent agir rapidement et \u00eatre pr\u00eates \u00e0 faire face aux contraintes op\u00e9rationnelles, de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre et d\u2019offre et de demande, \u00e0 revoir leur planification strat\u00e9gique et \u00e0 repenser les mod\u00e8les commerciaux apr\u00e8s la COVID-19. Elles devront examiner comment les mod\u00e8les de travail peuvent adopter et utiliser plus de technologies, de programmes d\u2019agilit\u00e9 et de r\u00e9unions virtuelles. La pand\u00e9mie pourrait bien acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer les transformations num\u00e9riques en milieu de travail, aujourd\u2019hui et \u00e0 l\u2019avenir.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Baker McKenzie. (2020, April 8). Beyond COVID-19: Supply chain resilience holds key to recovery. Chicago, IL.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bakermckenzie.com\/-\/media\/files\/insight\/publications\/2020\/04\/covid19-global-economy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using data from Oxford Economics, Baker McKenzie found that the automotive, textile, and electronics sectors are the hardest hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. The good news is that they are also likely to rebound by the first half of 2021. The report suggests that businesses must take quick action to tackle operational, labour, and demand\/supply constraints. They must also revisit strategic planning and re-consider business models post-COVID-19. For example, work models may adopt and use more technology, agility programs and virtual meetings. The pandemic may well accelerate the digital transformation of the workplace, not just during the massive shift to self-isolation but also into the future.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Brynjolfsson, E., Horton, J., Ozimek, A., Rock, D., Sharma, G., &amp; Tu Ye, H.-Y. (2020, April 8). COVID-19 and remote work: An early look at US data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/john-joseph-horton.com\/papers\/remote_work.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>A survey by MIT researchers of 25,000 Americans, conducted from April 1\u20135, 2020, posed a simple question: \u201cHave you started to work from home in the last 4 weeks?\u201d The authors found that 34% of workers have shifted to remote work due to COVID-19, and 11% have been laid-off (permanently or temporarily). Younger people were more likely to switch to remote work, while there were no significant gender differences. In the next round of surveys, more specific questions will be asked such as \u201cwhat percentage of tasks can be done remotely?\u201d and \u201chow does remote work vary across professions and industries?\u201d<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Conseil \u00e9conomique des provinces de l\u2019Atlantique (C\u00c9PA). (2020, 8 avril). Occupational Analysis (Analyse des professions). Tir\u00e9 du site web du C\u00c9PA.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.apec-econ.ca\/covid\/economicimpacts\/occupation\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Les analyses pr\u00e9liminaires bas\u00e9es sur la classification \u00e0 quatre chiffres de la CNP montrent qu\u2019environ 70\u00a0% des travailleurs des provinces de l\u2019Atlantique du Canada doivent exercer leur activit\u00e9 sur leur lieu de travail (p.\u00a0ex.\u00a0ceux qui travaillent dans des usines de fabrication, sur des chantiers de construction, dans des h\u00f4pitaux ou dans des restaurants), ou doivent le faire directement avec des clients (p. ex.\u00a0: les coiffeurs et les massoth\u00e9rapeutes). Ces travailleurs risquent davantage d\u2019\u00eatre licenci\u00e9s s\u2019ils ne peuvent pas adapter leur activit\u00e9 aux mesures de sant\u00e9 et de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 adopt\u00e9es pour faire face \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de COVID-19. M\u00eame pour les 30\u00a0% qui peuvent s\u2019organiser pour travailler de la maison, il existe aussi un risque de mise \u00e0 pied en raison de la r\u00e9duction g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la demande de biens et de services.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>ILO. (2020, April 7). ILO monitor 2nd edition: COVID-19 and the world of work \u2014 Updated estimates and analysis. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/about-the-ilo\/WCMS_740877\/lang--en\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---dgreports\/---dcomm\/documents\/briefingnote\/wcms_740877.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The ILO has updated their estimates of the impact of COVID-19 on the world of work. As of April 1, 2020, lockdown measures across the world have affected 2.7 billion workers, representing 81% of the world\u2019s workforce. The ILO estimates that global working hours in the second quarter of 2020 will decrease by 6.7% relative to the first quarter, equivalent to 195 million full-time workers.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, the shock to labour markets is having a larger impact on employment in specific sectors such as accommodation, food services, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, real estate and other business activities. These sectors comprise almost 38% of the global workforce.<\/p>\n<p>Workers in developing countries, the report notes, are particularly at risk. These countries tend to have lower levels of social protection and higher levels of informal employment. Informal workers have a high risk both of being exposed to the virus and of falling deeper into poverty due to lockdown measures. India has the highest share of informal workers, at almost 90%. Stringent lockdown measures have greatly affected these workers.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Organisation internationale du travail. (2020, 7 avril). Observatoire de l\u2019OIT 2e \u00e9dition\u00a0: le COVID-19 et le monde du travail, estimations actualis\u00e9es et analyses.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/about-the-ilo\/WCMS_740877\/lang--en\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---dgreports\/---dcomm\/documents\/briefingnote\/wcms_740877.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>L\u2019OIT a mis \u00e0 jour ses estimations de l\u2019effet de la COVID-19 sur le monde du travail. Le 1<sup>er<\/sup>\u00a0avril, les mesures de confinement dans le monde entier touchaient 2,7\u00a0milliards de travailleurs, ce qui repr\u00e9sente 81\u00a0% de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre mondiale. L\u2019OIT estime que les heures de travail conna\u00eetront au deuxi\u00e8me trimestre de 2020 une r\u00e9duction de 6,7\u00a0% par rapport au premier trimestre, soit l\u2019\u00e9quivalent 195\u00a0millions de travailleurs \u00e0 temps plein.<\/p>\n<p>De plus, le choc que subissent les march\u00e9s du travail a des cons\u00e9quences plus importantes sur certains secteurs, comme l\u2019h\u00f4tellerie, la restauration, le secteur manufacturier, le commerce de gros et de d\u00e9tail, l\u2019immobilier et le monde des affaires. Ces secteurs repr\u00e9sentent pr\u00e8s de 38\u00a0% de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre mondiale. Le rapport note \u00e9galement que les travailleurs des pays en d\u00e9veloppement sont particuli\u00e8rement \u00e0 risque. Ces pays ont tendance \u00e0 avoir des niveaux de protection sociale plus faibles et des niveaux de travail informel plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s. Les travailleurs informels courent un risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre expos\u00e9s au virus et de s\u2019enfoncer davantage dans la pauvret\u00e9 en raison des mesures de confinement. L\u2019Inde compte la plus grande proportion de travailleurs informels, soit pr\u00e8s de 90\u00a0%, et les mesures de confinement strictes ont grandement affect\u00e9 ces travailleurs.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Brynjolfsson, E., Horton, J., Ozimek, A., Rock, D., Sharma, G. et Yi Tu Ye, H. (2020, 6 avril). COVID-19 and Remote Work: An Early Look at US Data (COVID-19 et t\u00e9l\u00e9travail : un premier regard sur les donn\u00e9es des \u00c9tats-Unis).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/john-joseph-horton.com\/papers\/remote_work.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Dans le cadre d\u2019une enqu\u00eate men\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s de 25\u00a0000\u00a0Am\u00e9ricains du 1<sup>er<\/sup> au 5\u00a0avril, on a pos\u00e9 une question toute simple\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Avez-vous commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 travailler de la maison au cours des quatre derni\u00e8res semaines?\u00a0\u00bb. Les auteurs ont constat\u00e9 que 34\u00a0% des travailleurs sont pass\u00e9s au t\u00e9l\u00e9travail en raison de la COVID-19, et 11\u00a0% ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mis \u00e0 pied (de fa\u00e7on permanente ou temporaire). Les jeunes sont plus susceptibles de passer au travail \u00e0 distance, et il n\u2019y a pas de diff\u00e9rence significative entre les sexes. Dans la prochaine s\u00e9rie de sondages, des questions plus pr\u00e9cises seront pos\u00e9es, par exemple sur le pourcentage des t\u00e2ches qui peuvent \u00eatre effectu\u00e9es \u00e0 distance et sur les variations entre les professions et les secteurs.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Dingel, J., Neiman, B. (2020, 6 avril). How Many Jobs Can be Done at Home? (Combien d\u2019emplois peuvent \u00eatre exerc\u00e9s \u00e0 domicile?). National Bureau of Economic Research.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26948\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26948.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 la suite de l\u2019\u00e9valuation des mesures d\u2019\u00e9loignement social visant \u00e0 ralentir la propagation de la COVID-19, les auteurs se penchent sur les professions des \u00c9tats-Unis qui peuvent \u00eatre exerc\u00e9es \u00e0 domicile, la part des salaires totaux vers\u00e9e \u00e0 ces emplois, et la fa\u00e7on dont ils varient selon les villes et les secteurs d\u2019activit\u00e9. Ils classifient toutes les professions du pays selon les r\u00e9ponses \u00e0 deux <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onetcenter.org\/questionnaires.html\">enqu\u00eates O*NET<\/a> portant sur le contexte et les activit\u00e9s de chaque profession.<\/p>\n<p>Le rapport sugg\u00e8re que 34\u00a0% des professions des \u00c9tats-Unis pourraient \u00eatre exerc\u00e9es \u00e0 domicile, ce qui compte pour 44\u00a0% des salaires totaux, en supposant le m\u00eame nombre d\u2019heures travaill\u00e9es pour toutes les professions. La proportion est beaucoup plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e dans les zones urbaines que dans les zones rurales, et la plupart des emplois dans les secteurs des finances, de la gestion d\u2019entreprise et des professions lib\u00e9rales et scientifiques pourraient vraisemblablement \u00eatre effectu\u00e9s \u00e0 domicile, contrairement aux professions de l\u2019agriculture, de l\u2019h\u00f4tellerie et de la restauration et du commerce de d\u00e9tail.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Burning Glass Technologies. (2020, 2 avril). COVID-19: The Pandemic\u2019s Impact on Jobs (COVID-19 : l\u2019effet de la pand\u00e9mie sur les emplois). Tir\u00e9 du site web de Burning Glass.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.burning-glass.com\/blog\/covid-19-jobs-impact\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Burning Glass utilise sa base de donn\u00e9es pour mesurer le choc \u00e9conomique de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 sur les offres d\u2019emploi hebdomadaires. Selon ce rapport, les offres d\u2019emploi aux \u00c9tats-Unis ont diminu\u00e9 de 29\u00a0% au cours du mois de mars\u00a02020. En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, la chute des offres d\u2019emploi est plus importante dans les \u00c9tats qui d\u00e9pendent davantage du tourisme ou de la fabrication. Cependant, les offres d\u2019emploi ont augment\u00e9 pour certaines fonctions des soins de sant\u00e9 aux \u00c9tats-Unis, comme les pharmaciens et pharmaciennes (11\u00a0%), les inhaloth\u00e9rapeutes (9\u00a0%) et les infirmiers et infirmi\u00e8res (8\u00a0%).<\/p>\n<p>Burning Glass <a href=\"https:\/\/www.burning-glass.com\/research-project\/covid-19\/\">met fr\u00e9quemment \u00e0 jour ses donn\u00e9es et publie des articles de blogue<\/a> sur les r\u00e9sultats de ses recherches.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Burning Glass Technologies. (2020, April 2). COVID-19 impact on jobs. Boston, MA.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.burning-glass.com\/blog\/covid-19-jobs-impact\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Burning Glass is using its database to measure the economic shock of the coronavirus pandemic on weekly job postings in the United States. According to this report, job postings declined 29% during March 2020. Generally, the decline is larger in states with heavier reliance on such industries as tourism or manufacturing. However, job postings have increased for some health care roles such as pharmacists (11%), respiratory therapists (9%), and registered nurses (8%).<\/p>\n<p>Burning Glass updates their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.burning-glass.com\/research-project\/covid-19\/\">public data frequently and publish blog posts<\/a> on their highlighted findings.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Alon, T. M., Doepke, M. Olmstead-Rumsey, J. et Tertilt, M. (2020, avril). The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality (L\u2019effet de la COVID-19 sur l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 des sexes). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 26947.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26947\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26947.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>La baisse de l\u2019emploi r\u00e9sultant des mesures d\u2019\u00e9loignement social en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la COVID-19 a grandement touch\u00e9 les secteurs o\u00f9 le taux d\u2019emploi des femmes est \u00e9lev\u00e9. De plus, compte tenu de la distribution actuelle des t\u00e2ches de garde d\u2019enfants, les difficult\u00e9s que pose la fermeture des \u00e9coles et des garderies ont affect\u00e9 l\u2019emploi des m\u00e8res dans une plus large mesure que celui des p\u00e8res. En raison du rendement \u00e9lev\u00e9 de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience sur le march\u00e9 du travail, la perte d\u2019exp\u00e9rience professionnelle que subissent les m\u00e8res, particuli\u00e8rement les m\u00e8res monoparentales, aura probablement des r\u00e9percussions persistantes sur les revenus au-del\u00e0 de la crise.<\/p>\n<p>Toutefois, les auteurs s\u2019attendent \u00e0 ce que les cons\u00e9quences de la COVID-19 puissent avoir certains avantages \u00e0 long terme. Cela pourrait promouvoir une meilleure \u00e9galit\u00e9 des sexes sur le march\u00e9 du travail de deux fa\u00e7ons. D\u2019abord, les entreprises adoptent rapidement des conditions de travail flexibles qui sont susceptibles de perdurer. Ensuite, les normes de genre dans la division du travail m\u00e9nager pourraient changer \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que de nombreux p\u00e8res doivent maintenant assumer la responsabilit\u00e9 principale de la garde des enfants.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Alon, T. M., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., &amp; Tertilt, M. (2020, April). The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality. NBER Working Paper 26947. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26947\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26947.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The fall in employment resulting from social distancing measures in response to COVID-19 has largely affected sectors with high female employment. Further, based on the existing distribution of childcare duties, the challenges created by school and daycare closures have affected the employment of mothers to a greater extent than fathers. Since past labour market experience is a strong predictor of future earnings, the loss of work experience affecting working mothers, and especially single moms, is likely to have persistent earnings impacts beyond the crisis.<\/p>\n<p>However, the authors also expect that the consequences of COVID-19 may have some benefits in the long-term by promoting greater gender equality in the labour market. First, businesses are rapidly adopting more flexible work arrangements, which are likely to persist. Second, historic gender norms in the division of household labour may change as many fathers must now take primary responsibility for childcare.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Baker S., Bloom N., Davis S. et Terry S. (2020, avril). COVID-Induced Economic Uncertainty (L\u2019incertitude \u00e9conomique engendr\u00e9e par la COVID-19). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no\u00a026983.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26983\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26983.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document \u00e9value les effets macro\u00e9conomiques \u00e0 court et \u00e0 moyen terme de la COVID-19 au moyen de trois indicateurs d\u2019incertitude\u00a0: la volatilit\u00e9 du march\u00e9 boursier, l\u2019incertitude \u00e9conomique bas\u00e9e sur les journaux et l\u2019incertitude subjective dans les enqu\u00eates de pr\u00e9visions des milieux d\u2019affaires. Les auteurs utilisent des donn\u00e9es sur le PIB r\u00e9el am\u00e9ricain et un mod\u00e8le empirique des effets des catastrophes con\u00e7u par Baker et al. (2020) afin d\u2019estimer l\u2019effet causal des chocs de catastrophes sur la croissance de la production \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle du pays. Sur la base des mesures du march\u00e9 boursier pour calibrer les chocs de la COVID-19, leurs r\u00e9sultats montrent une contraction de pr\u00e8s de 20\u00a0% (sur une base annuelle) du PIB r\u00e9el am\u00e9ricain au quatri\u00e8me trimestre de 2020\u00a0: 9\u00a0% en 2020 plus une contraction maximale de 11\u00a0% deux trimestres plus tard.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., Davis, S. J., &amp; Terry, S. J. (2020, April). COVID-Induced economic uncertainty. NBER Working Paper 26983. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26983\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26983.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper assesses the short- and medium-term macroeconomic effects of COVID-19 using three uncertainty indicators: 1) stock market volatility, 2) newspaper-based economic uncertainty, and 3) subjective uncertainty in business expectation surveys. The authors use data on US real GDP and an empirical model of disaster effects developed by Baker et al. (2020) to estimate the causal impact on country-level output growth. Using stock market measures to calibrate COVID-19 shocks, their results show a nearly 20% contraction (on a year-over-year basis) in US real GDP as of 2020 Q4: 9% in 2020 Q2 plus a peak contraction of 11% in Q4.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Bartik, A. W., Bertand, M., Cullen Z. B., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M. et Stanton, C. T. (2020, avril). How are small businesses adjusting to COVID-19? Early evidence from a survey. (Comment les petites entreprises s\u2019adaptent-elles \u00e0 la COVID-19? Premiers r\u00e9sultats d\u2019une enqu\u00eate). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 26989.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26989.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Afin de mieux comprendre l\u2019effet de la COVID-19 sur les petites entreprises aux \u00c9tats-Unis, on a sond\u00e9 5\u00a0819\u00a0membres de Alignable, une plateforme en r\u00e9seau ax\u00e9e sur l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me des petites entreprises. En moyenne, les entreprises ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 avoir r\u00e9duit le nombre de leurs employ\u00e9s de 40\u00a0% par rapport au d\u00e9but de l\u2019ann\u00e9e. De plus, parmi les entreprises sond\u00e9es, 43\u00a0% ont d\u00fb fermer temporairement, et la m\u00e9diane des entreprises a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 des d\u00e9penses mensuelles d\u00e9passant les 10\u00a0000\u00a0$. Bien que la plupart ont indiqu\u00e9 avoir l\u2019intention de demander l\u2019aide du gouvernement par le biais de la loi CARES, les r\u00e9pondants ont exprim\u00e9 leur inqui\u00e9tude quant aux obstacles administratifs et logistiques pour acc\u00e9der \u00e0 l\u2019aide.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Bartik, A. W., Bertand, M., Cullen Z. B., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M., &amp; Stanton, C. T. (2020, April). How are small businesses adjusting to COVID-19? Early evidence from a survey. NBER Working Paper 26989. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26989.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>To better understand the impact of COVID-19 on small businesses in the US, 5,819 surveys were conducted with members of \u201cAlignable,\u201d a network-based platform focused on the small business ecosystem. On average, businesses reported reducing their employee count by 40% compared to the beginning of 2020. In addition, of those firms surveyed, 43% had to close temporarily, with the median businesses reporting monthly expenses over $10,000. Although most indicated that they planned to apply for government assistance through the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), they expressed concern about the administrative and logistical hassles of accessing aid.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Bethune, Z. A., &amp; Korinek, A. (2020, April). COVID-19 infection externalities: Trading off lives vs. livelihoods. NBER Working Paper 27009. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27009\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27009.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper uses epidemiological Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) models to quantify the impacts of social and economic interactions in transmitting infectious diseases. When otherwise rational individuals misevaluate the effects of their activities, the risk of infection for others is greater. If those infected engage in full social and economic activity while those susceptible reduce their activity, then full recovery will only be achieved once herd immunity is reached years later. The alternative approach is to impose restrictions on those infected to drive their activity close to zero while only slightly reducing the activity of the susceptible. This second approach is socially optimal since it contains and eradicates the disease more quickly and with a much milder recession.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Bethune, Z. et Korinek, A. (2020, avril). COVID-19 Infection Externalities: Trading Off Lives vs Livelihoods (Externalit\u00e9s de la COVID-19\u00a0: des vies contre des moyens de subsistance). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no\u00a027009.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27009\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27009.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document se base sur les mod\u00e8les \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiques SIR (Susceptible\/Sain, Infect\u00e9, R\u00e9tabli) pour analyser et quantifier les externalit\u00e9s qui surviennent lorsque les interactions sociales et \u00e9conomiques transmettent des maladies infectieuses. Les auteurs constatent que les agents individuellement rationnels cr\u00e9ent de grandes externalit\u00e9s parce qu\u2019ils \u00e9valuent mal les effets de leurs activit\u00e9s sociales et \u00e9conomiques sur le risque d\u2019infection pour les autres individus. Dans ce cas, si les personnes infect\u00e9es exercent une pleine activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique alors que les agents susceptibles ou sains r\u00e9duisent leur activit\u00e9, le r\u00e9tablissement complet ne sera possible que lorsque l\u2019immunit\u00e9 collective sera atteinte des ann\u00e9es plus tard. L\u2019autre approche consiste \u00e0 imposer des restrictions \u00e0 l\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique des agents infect\u00e9s afin qu\u2019elle s\u2019approche de z\u00e9ro, tout en ne r\u00e9duisant que l\u00e9g\u00e8rement l\u2019activit\u00e9 des personnes saines. Cette deuxi\u00e8me approche est socialement optimale puisqu\u2019elle permet de contenir et d\u2019\u00e9radiquer la maladie rapidement et dans un contexte de r\u00e9cession beaucoup plus mod\u00e9r\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Buheji, M., Cunha, K. C., Beka, G., Mavri\u0107, B., Souza, Y. L., Silva, S. S., Hanafi, M., &amp; Yein, T. C. (2020, April). The extent of COVID-19 pandemic socio-economic impact on global poverty: A global integrative multidisciplinary review. American Journal of Economics, 10(4): 213\u2013224.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/341044016_The_Extent_of_COVID-19_Pandemic_Socio-Economic_Impact_on_Global_Poverty_A_Global_Integrative_Multidisciplinary_Review\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper reviews the literature on how the pandemic impacts poor communities. The authors looked at research on the economic consequences of the pandemic on four different continents. They highlight the difficulty for the poor to adhere to self-isolation and social distancing measures. Several strategies to minimize the impact of the pandemic on the livelihoods and the socioeconomic activities of the underprivileged are provided.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Buheji, M., Cunha, K. C., Beka, G., Mavri\u0107, B., Souza, Y. L., Silva, S., Hanafi, M. et Yein, T. C. (2020, avril). The Extent of COVID-19 Pandemic Socio-Economic Impact on Global Poverty. A Global Integrative Multidisciplinary Review (La port\u00e9e des cons\u00e9quences socio\u00e9conomiques sur la pauvret\u00e9 mondiale. Un examen multidisciplinaire int\u00e9gratif plan\u00e9taire). American Journal of Economics 2020, 10(4): 213-224.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/341044016_The_Extent_of_COVID-19_Pandemic_Socio-Economic_Impact_on_Global_Poverty_A_Global_Integrative_Multidisciplinary_Review\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document \u00e9tudie les effets de la pand\u00e9mie sur les communaut\u00e9s pauvres. Les auteurs ont effectu\u00e9 une revue de la litt\u00e9rature sur les cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques de la pand\u00e9mie sur les communaut\u00e9s pauvres de quatre continents. Ils soulignent qu\u2019il est difficile pour les personnes d\u00e9munies d\u2019adh\u00e9rer aux mesures restrictives d\u2019isolement social. Ils pr\u00e9sentent \u00e9galement plusieurs strat\u00e9gies pour minimiser les cons\u00e9quences de la pand\u00e9mie sur les moyens de subsistance et les activit\u00e9s socio\u00e9conomiques des personnes d\u00e9favoris\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Cadena, A., Child , F., Craven, M., Ferrari, F., Fine, D., Franco, J. et Wilson, M. (2020, avril). How to restart national economies during the coronavirus crisis (Comment relancer les \u00e9conomies nationales durant la crise du coronavirus). McKinsey &amp; Company.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/~\/media\/McKinsey\/Industries\/Public%20Sector\/Our%20Insights\/How%20to%20restart%20national%20economies%20during%20the%20coronavirus%20crisis\/How-to-restart-national-economies-during-the-coronavirus-crisis-vF.ashx\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cet article de McKinsey &amp; Company sur le secteur public pr\u00e9sente une strat\u00e9gie de relance de l\u2019\u00e9conomie par \u00e9tapes, de telle sorte que le risque pour la sant\u00e9 publique d\u00e9termine le niveau des restrictions \u00e9conomiques et sociales. La m\u00e9thodologie repose sur une matrice des risques de propagation du virus et de l\u2019\u00e9tat de pr\u00e9paration du syst\u00e8me de sant\u00e9 qui correspond \u00e0 une strat\u00e9gie de relance en quatre \u00e9tapes d\u00e9terminant l\u2019ouverture \u00e9conomique et la mobilit\u00e9 de la population. \u00c0 chaque \u00e9tape, les gouvernements peuvent mettre en \u0153uvre des politiques qui priorisent les secteurs \u00e0 ouvrir en fonction de leur pertinence \u00e9conomique et du risque de transmission. Par exemple, les populations \u00e0 risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 restent confin\u00e9es plus longtemps que les autres, et les secteurs non essentiels restent ferm\u00e9s plus longtemps que les secteurs essentiels. Plus important encore, l\u2019\u00e9tape de r\u00e9ouverture d\u2019une \u00e9conomie d\u00e9pend du positionnement de la r\u00e9gion dans la matrice des risques.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Cadena, A., Child, F., Craven, M., Ferrari, F., Fine, D., Franco, J., &amp; Wilson, M. (2020, April). How to restart national economies during the coronavirus crisis. New York, NY: McKinsey &amp; Company.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/~\/media\/McKinsey\/Industries\/Public%20Sector\/Our%20Insights\/How%20to%20restart%20national%20economies%20during%20the%20coronavirus%20crisis\/How-to-restart-national-economies-during-the-coronavirus-crisis-vF.ashx\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This McKinsey &amp; Company public report presents a strategy for restarting economies in stages. The key is that public health risk inform the level of economic and social restrictions. The methodology offers a risk matrix of virus spread and public health system readiness. This corresponds to a restart strategy with four steps that determine the economic openness and population mobility. At each stage, governments can implement policies that prioritize sectors to open based on economic relevance and risk of transmission. For example, high-risk populations remain in lock-down longer and essential sectors open sooner than other economic sectors. Most importantly, the stage of re-opening for an economy depends on the region\u2019s placement on the risk matrix.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Coibion, O., Gorodnichenko, Y. et Weber, M. (2020, avril). Labor Markets During the Covid-19 Crisis: A Preliminary View (Les march\u00e9s du travail pendant la crise de la COVID-19\u00a0: une perspective pr\u00e9liminaire). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no\u00a027017.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cette \u00e9tude utilise une enqu\u00eate par panel \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s de 80\u00a0000 \u00e0 90\u00a0000 m\u00e9nages des \u00c9tats-Unis dont les achats sont suivis quotidiennement, afin de mesurer l\u2019effet de la COVID-19 sur le travail. Ils estiment que 20\u00a0millions de travailleurs ont perdu leur emploi avant le 6\u00a0avril (soit bien plus d\u2019emplois perdus que lors de toute la Grande R\u00e9cession). Les r\u00e9sultats mettent aussi en \u00e9vidence que nombre de ceux qui ont perdu leur emploi ne cherchent pas activement \u00e0 en trouver un nouveau. En cons\u00e9quence, le taux de ch\u00f4mage n\u2019a augment\u00e9 que d\u2019environ 2\u00a0points de pourcentage, alors que la participation au march\u00e9 du travail a diminu\u00e9 de 7\u00a0points.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Coibion, O., Gorodnichenko, Y., &amp; Weber, M. (2020, April). Labor markets during the COVID-19 crisis: A preliminary view. NBER Working Paper 27017. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w27017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This study uses a repeat large-scale panel survey of 80\u201390 thousand US households \u2014 whose purchases are tracked daily \u2014 to measure the labour impact of COVID-19. They estimate that 20 million workers lost their jobs by April 6 2020 (far more jobs than in the Great Recession of 2007\u20132009). The results also highlighted that many of those who lost jobs are not actively looking to find new ones. As a result, the unemployment rate rises only about 2 percentage points, while participation in the labour force has declined by 7 percentage points.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Dingel, J. I., &amp; Neiman, B. (2020, April). How many jobs can be done at home? NBER Working Paper 26948. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26948\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26948.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Following the evaluation of social distancing measures in slowing down the spread of COVID-19, the authors look into US occupations that can be performed at home. They examine the share of total wages paid to such jobs, as well as how they vary across cities and industries. All US occupations are classified based on responses to two <a href=\"https:\/\/www.onetcenter.org\/questionnaires.html\">O*NET surveys<\/a> covering the context and activities of each occupation.<\/p>\n<p>The paper suggests that 34% of US jobs could be performed at home, which accounts for 44% of all wages, assuming the same number of hours worked for all occupations. The percentage is much higher for urban than rural areas. Most jobs in the finance, corporate management, professional and scientific industries could plausibly be done from home, unlike occupations in the agriculture, hospitality or retail sectors.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Export Development Canada. (2020, April). COVID-19 crisis: Challenges mount for many Canadian sectors. Ottawa: EDC.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.edc.ca\/en\/guide\/covid-19-sector-challenges-in-canada.html\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>In this report, EDC provides an initial assessment of the potential impacts of COVID-19 on different sectors of Canada\u2019s economy. Their analysis is based on the initial positions of three factors: cash flow and working capital; profit and return ratios; and borrowing and leverage ratios. They also evaluated sectors in terms of stock market losses and potential borrowing pressures.<\/p>\n<p>Based on their analysis, vulnerable sectors include the following: oil, gas and cleantech; accommodation and food services; entertainment and tourism; personal services; information and cultural industries; transportation; manufacturing (especially auto, aerospace and related parts); real estate and leasing; and agriculture and forestry exporters. In contrast, a few sectors are better positioned to help end the storm, such as education, health, social services, utilities and mining.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Exportation et d\u00e9veloppement Canada (EDC). (2020, avril). Crise de la COVID-19 Crisis : les d\u00e9fis se multiplient pour plusieurs secteurs au Canada.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.edc.ca\/en\/guide\/covid-19-sector-challenges-in-canada.html\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Dans ce rapport, EDC fournit une premi\u00e8re \u00e9valuation des r\u00e9percussions potentielles de la COVID-19 sur diff\u00e9rents secteurs de l\u2019\u00e9conomie canadienne. L\u2019analyse est bas\u00e9e sur les positions initiales des secteurs en fonction de trois facteurs\u00a0: flux de tr\u00e9sorerie et fonds de roulement, ratios de profits et de rendement, et ratios d\u2019emprunt et de levier financier. Les auteurs ont \u00e9galement \u00e9valu\u00e9 les secteurs sur le plan des pertes boursi\u00e8res et des pressions potentielles d\u2019emprunt.<\/p>\n<p>D\u2019apr\u00e8s leur analyse, les secteurs vuln\u00e9rables comprennent\u00a0: le p\u00e9trole, le gaz et les technologies propres; l\u2019h\u00f4tellerie et les services de restauration; le divertissement et le tourisme; les services personnels; les secteurs de l\u2019information et de la culture; le transport, le secteur manufacturier (particuli\u00e8rement l\u2019automobile, l\u2019a\u00e9rospatiale et les pi\u00e8ces d\u00e9tach\u00e9es); l\u2019immobilier et la location; et les exportateurs de produits agricoles et forestiers. En revanche, certains secteurs sont mieux plac\u00e9s pour aider \u00e0 mettre fin \u00e0 la crise, par exemple l\u2019\u00e9ducation, la sant\u00e9, les services sociaux, les services publics et l\u2019exploitation mini\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Fine, D., Klier, J., Mahajan, D., Raabe, N., Schubert, J., Singh, N. et Ungur, S. (2020, avril). How to Rebuild and Reimagine Jobs Amid The Coronavirus Crisis (Reb\u00e2tir et r\u00e9inventer les emplois dans le contexte de la crise du coronavirus). McKinsey &amp; Company.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/public-sector\/our-insights\/how-to-rebuild-and-reimagine-jobs-amid-the-coronavirus-crisis?cid=eml-app\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Un rapport r\u00e9cent de McKinsey examine les strat\u00e9gies n\u00e9cessaires pour soutenir la reprise \u00e0 la suite de la COVID-19. Ils rel\u00e8vent deux grands domaines d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat. Le premier consiste \u00e0 mieux comprendre qui a besoin de soutien pour conserver son emploi ou en trouver un nouveau, notamment les groupes vuln\u00e9rables et les PME. Le second consiste \u00e0 \u00e9laborer des solutions intelligentes et intersectorielles pour aider rapidement ces personnes et ces organisations. Ce point sera particuli\u00e8rement important lorsque les restrictions \u00e0 la circulation des personnes commenceront \u00e0 s\u2019assouplir et que les entreprises seront autoris\u00e9es \u00e0 rouvrir leurs portes. Les auteurs soulignent \u00e9galement l\u2019importance de se doter des bons outils et m\u00e9canismes afin de permettre aux gens d\u2019avoir les bonnes comp\u00e9tences pour saisir toute opportunit\u00e9 nouvelle qui pourrait se pr\u00e9senter.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Fine, D., Klier, J., Mahajan, D., Raabe, N., Schubert, J., Singh, N., &amp; Ungur, S. (2020, April). How to rebuild and reimagine jobs amid the coronavirus crisis. New York, NY: McKinsey &amp; Company.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/public-sector\/our-insights\/how-to-rebuild-and-reimagine-jobs-amid-the-coronavirus-crisis?cid=eml-app\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This McKinsey report discusses the strategies required to help support a labour and business recovery from COVID-19. They point to two main areas of focus. The first is to better understand who needs support to keep their job or to find new work, with particular emphasis on vulnerable groups and SMEs.\u00a0 The second is to build smart, cross-sector solutions to get that help to these individuals and organizations fast. This will be particular salient when restrictions on the movement of people begin to ease and businesses are allowed re-open.\u00a0 The authors also highlight the importance of ensuring that the right tools and mechanisms are place to help individuals develop the skills required to take up any new or different opportunities that might emerge.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Forum \u00c9conomique Mondial. (2020, avril). Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Financial System. Gen\u00e8ve, Suisse.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/reports\/impact-of-covid-19-on-the-global-financial-system\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_Impact_of_COVID_19_on_the_Global_Financial_System_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Ce document r\u00e9sume les principales conclusions de plusieurs dialogues organis\u00e9s par le Forum \u00e9conomique mondial au sujet des r\u00e9percussions de la COVID-19 sur le syst\u00e8me financier mondial. Ces discussions entre hauts dirigeants d\u2019institutions financi\u00e8res, d\u2019organisations internationales, de banques centrales et d\u2019autres institutions ont abouti \u00e0 quatre grandes recommandations strat\u00e9giques : i) \u00ab\u2009aplanir la courbe\u2009\u00bb de la mortalit\u00e9 des entreprises; ii) s\u2019assurer que les besoins du public en services financiers sont satisfaits de mani\u00e8re num\u00e9rique; iii) se coordonner \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale pour maintenir la stabilit\u00e9 financi\u00e8re; iv) les \u00e9conomies avanc\u00e9es devront peut-\u00eatre apporter un soutien suppl\u00e9mentaire aux march\u00e9s \u00e9mergents et aux \u00e9conomies en d\u00e9veloppement. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Guerrieri, V., Lorenzoni, G., Straub, L. et Werning, I. (2020, avril). Macroeconomic implications of COVID-19: Can negative supply shocks cause demand shortages? (Implications macro\u00e9conomiques de la COVID-19\u00a0: les chocs d\u2019offre n\u00e9gatifs peuvent-ils causer des p\u00e9nuries de la demande?). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no 26918.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26918.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document tente de r\u00e9pondre th\u00e9oriquement \u00e0 deux questions principales\u00a0: le choc d\u2019offre li\u00e9 \u00e0 la COVID-19 peut-il entra\u00eener une demande d\u00e9ficitaire? Et quand\u00a0\u2013 le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant\u00a0\u2013 et comment les gouvernements devraient-ils intervenir pour corriger une r\u00e9cession? Les auteurs ont expos\u00e9 diverses conditions dans lesquelles une p\u00e9nurie de la demande entra\u00eene une r\u00e9duction de la production et de l\u2019emploi plus importante que le choc d\u2019offre lui-m\u00eame (appel\u00e9 choc d\u2019offre keyn\u00e9sien). Trois faits contribuent \u00e0 cette demande d\u00e9ficitaire, \u00e0 savoir que les secteurs \u00e9conomiques ont une faible substituabilit\u00e9, que les march\u00e9s sont incomplets et que les consommateurs ont des liquidit\u00e9s limit\u00e9es. Les auteurs discutent \u00e9galement des effets de diff\u00e9rentes politiques et affirment que la relance budg\u00e9taire classique pourrait \u00eatre moins efficace. En examinant d\u2019autres mod\u00e8les qui tiennent compte de l\u2019effet des fermetures d\u2019entreprises, de la r\u00e9tention de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre et des pr\u00e9occupations de sant\u00e9 publique et priv\u00e9e, la meilleure solution politique trouv\u00e9e consiste \u00e0 fermer les secteurs \u00e0 forte intensit\u00e9 de contact et \u00e0 verser des indemnit\u00e9s d\u2019assurance compl\u00e8tes aux travailleurs touch\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Guerrieri, V., Lorenzoni, G., Straub, L., &amp; Werning, I. (2020, April). Macroeconomic implications of COVID-19: Can negative supply shocks cause demand shortages? NBER Working Paper No. 26918. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26918.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper addresses two theoretical questions: Can the COVID-19 supply shock lead to deficient demand? When \u2014 if at all \u2014 and how should governments intervene to correct for a recession? The authors have outlined a variety of conditions where a demand shortage leads to a reduction in output and employment that is larger than the supply shock itself (a Keynesian supply shock). Three factors would contribute to such deficient demand: 1) low substitutability, 2) incomplete markets and 3) constrained consumer liquidity.<\/p>\n<p>The report also discusses the effects of various policies, arguing that the standard fiscal stimulus can be less effective. Additional models consider the effect of business closings, labour hoarding, and both private and public health concerns. The first best policy solution identified is to close down contact-intensive sectors and provide full insurance payments to affected workers.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Hamermesh, D. (2020, April). Lock-downs, loneliness and life satisfaction. NBER Working Paper 27018. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/prod.nber.org\/papers\/w27018\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper looks at the effects that lock-downs have on life satisfaction and happiness by using the 2012\u20132013 American Time Use Survey. Due to the lock-down measures imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic, life satisfaction increases for married people since they are spending more time together. In contrast, life satisfaction decreases for single people because they are spending more time alone. The large losses of work time and income due to this crisis, however, reverse the increased happiness for married people, and exacerbate the decreased happiness for singles.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Hamermesh, D. (2020, avril). Lock-downs, loneliness and life satisfaction (Confinement, solitude et satisfaction de la vie). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no\u00a027018.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/prod.nber.org\/papers\/w27018\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document examine les effets du confinement sur la satisfaction de la vie et le bonheur \u00e0 partir de l\u2019American Time Use Survey 2012-2013. En raison des mesures de confinement impos\u00e9es pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19, on constate que la satisfaction de la vie augmente pour les personnes mari\u00e9es, car elles passent plus de temps avec leur partenaire. En revanche, la satisfaction de la vie des personnes c\u00e9libataires diminue, car elles passent plus de temps seules. Les pertes importantes de temps de travail et de revenu dues \u00e0 la crise, elles, viennent renverser le bonheur accru des personnes mari\u00e9es, et aggravent la diminution du bonheur pour les c\u00e9libataires.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Hassan, T. A., Hollander, S., Lent, L. et Tahoun, A. (2020, avril). Firm-level Exposure to Epidemic Diseases: Covid-19, SARS, and H1N1 (Exposition aux maladies \u00e9pid\u00e9miques au niveau de l\u2019entreprise\u00a0: COVID-19, SRAS et H1N1). Document de travail du National Bureau of Economic Research no\u00a026971.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26971\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26971.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce document propose une m\u00e9thode pour mesurer l\u2019exposition aux maladies \u00e9pid\u00e9miques au niveau de l\u2019entreprise, en comptant le nombre de fois o\u00f9 la maladie est mentionn\u00e9e lors de la conf\u00e9rence t\u00e9l\u00e9phonique trimestrielle sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices que les entreprises cot\u00e9es en bourse organisent avec les analystes financiers. Les auteurs ont recueilli des donn\u00e9es sur les transcriptions de ces conf\u00e9rences t\u00e9l\u00e9phoniques de janvier\u00a02001 \u00e0 mars\u00a02020 pour 11\u00a0943\u00a0entreprises ayant leur si\u00e8ge social dans 84\u00a0pays.<\/p>\n<p>Leurs r\u00e9sultats montrent que 40\u00a0% des transcriptions traitent de la flamb\u00e9e de COVID-19, un pourcentage beaucoup plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 que pour toutes les \u00e9pid\u00e9mies pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes. Les pr\u00e9occupations des entreprises portaient sur les perturbations de la cha\u00eene d\u2019approvisionnement, la chute de la demande, le bien-\u00eatre des employ\u00e9s, les fermetures, la r\u00e9duction de la capacit\u00e9 de production, l\u2019incertitude croissante et les pr\u00e9occupations relatives aux march\u00e9s financiers. Les auteurs constatent \u00e9galement que les entreprises ayant fait l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du SRAS ou de la grippe H1N1 ont des attentes beaucoup plus positives quant \u00e0 leur capacit\u00e9 de faire face \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Hassan, T. A., Hollander, S., van Lent, L., &amp; Tahoun, A. (2020, April). Firm-level exposure to epidemic diseases: COVID-19, SARS, and H1N1. NBER Working Paper 26971. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26971\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26971.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This paper constructs a method to measure firm-level exposure to epidemic diseases by counting the number of times the disease is mentioned in the quarterly earnings conference call that public-listed firms host with financial analysts. The authors gathered data on the transcripts of these conference calls from January 2001 to March 2020 for 11,943 firms headquartered in 84 countries.<\/p>\n<p>The results show that 40% of the transcripts discuss the COVID-19 outbreak, a much larger percentage than all previous outbreaks. Concerns raised related to supply chain disruption, fall in demand, employee welfare, closures, production capacity reduction, increased uncertainty and the financial market. The authors also find evidence that firms with experience in dealing with SARS or H1N1 have more positive expectations about their ability to deal with the coronavirus outbreak.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Ludvigson S., Mai, S. &amp; Ng, S. (2020, April). COVID19 and the Macroeconomic Effects of Costly Disasters.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26987.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>In an effort to quantify the macroeconomic impact of COVID-19 on the US economy, the authors examine recent US disasters. In calibrating different shock profiles to reflect the unique nature of COVID-19, the study suggests that the economic impacts could last from two months to over a year (and vary by sector) and would be larger than any catastrophic event that has occurred in the past four decades. A conservative estimate leads to a cumulative loss in economic activity of 12.75% and an employment loss of 24 million jobs over a period of ten months.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Ludvigson Sydney, Sai Ma et Serena Ng. (2020, avril). COVID19 and the Macroeconomic Effects of Costly Disasters.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w26987.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Dans un effort visant \u00e0 quantifier l\u2019impact macro\u00e9conomique de la COVID-19 sur l\u2019\u00e9conomie des \u00c9tats\u2011Unis, les auteurs examinent des catastrophes survenues r\u00e9cemment dans ce pays. En calibrant diff\u00e9rents profils de choc afin de refl\u00e9ter la nature particuli\u00e8re de la COVID-19, l\u2019\u00e9tude indique que les impacts \u00e9conomiques pourraient persister de deux mois \u00e0 plus d\u2019un an (et varier selon les secteurs) et seraient plus importants que tout \u00e9v\u00e9nement catastrophique survenu au cours des quatre derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies. Une estimation conservatrice fait \u00e9tat d\u2019une perte cumulative de l\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique correspondant \u00e0 12,75\u00a0% et de la perte de 24 millions d\u2019emplois, sur une p\u00e9riode de dix mois.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Lund, S., Ellingrud, K., Hancock, B. et Manyika, J. (2020, avril). COVID-19 and jobs: Monitoring the US impact on people and places (COVID-19 et emplois\u00a0: suivi des cons\u00e9quences sur les personnes et les lieux aux \u00c9tats-Unis). McKinsey &amp; Company.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/public-sector\/our-insights\/covid-19-and-jobs-monitoring-the-us-impact-on-people-and-places?cid=eml-app\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Cet article souligne que la pand\u00e9mie acc\u00e9l\u00e8re les changements structurels de l\u2019\u00e9conomie qui \u00e9taient d\u00e9j\u00e0 en cours, comme l\u2019utilisation de canaux num\u00e9riques pour rejoindre les consommateurs, l\u2019automatisation des activit\u00e9s et la possibilit\u00e9 de t\u00e9l\u00e9travail. De plus, certaines transformations des comportements des consommateurs et la demande de nouveaux types de travail pourraient perdurer au-del\u00e0 de la crise de sant\u00e9 publique actuelle. La pr\u00e9paration de \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019avenir du travail\u00a0\u00bb est pass\u00e9e d\u2019une perspective lointaine \u00e0 une priorit\u00e9 tr\u00e8s imm\u00e9diate. Des dizaines de millions de travailleurs ont besoin de soutien non seulement pour surmonter les difficult\u00e9s actuelles, mais aussi pour mieux se pr\u00e9parer \u00e0 l\u2019avenir. Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, l\u2019article constate qu\u2019il y a un chevauchement important entre les travailleurs vuln\u00e9rables dans la r\u00e9cession actuelle et ceux dont les emplois sont susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre automatis\u00e9s dans le futur.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Lund, S., Ellingrud, K., Hancock, B., &amp; Manyika, J. (2020, April). COVID-19 and jobs: Monitoring the US impact on people and places. New York: McKinsey &amp; Company.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/public-sector\/our-insights\/covid-19-and-jobs-monitoring-the-us-impact-on-people-and-places?cid=eml-app\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This article emphasizes that the pandemic is accelerating structural shifts in the economy that were already underway. Using digital channels to reach consumers, automating operations, and allowing people to work remotely from home are examples. Moreover, some shifts in consumer behaviour and demand for new types of work may outlast the current public health crisis. Preparing for the \u201cfuture of work\u201d has gone from a distant hypothetical to a very immediate priority. Tens of millions of workers need support not only for today\u2019s challenges but also to put themselves on a better footing for the future. Specifically, the article finds a significant overlap between workers who are vulnerable in the current downturn and those whose jobs are susceptible to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/featured-insights\/future-of-work\/the-future-of-work-in-america-people-and-places-today-and-tomorrow\">automation<\/a>\u00a0in the future.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Lund, S., Ellingrud, K., Hancock, B., Manyika, J., &amp; Dua, A. (2020, April). Lives and livelihoods: Assessing the near-term impact of COVID-19 on US workers. New York: McKinsey Global Institute.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/public-sector\/our-insights\/lives-and-livelihoods-assessing-the-near-term-impact-of-covid-19-on-us-workers?cid=other-eml-alt-mip-mck&hlkid=0c16cf1343164b989a2b516cfaf17ed0&hctky=11906892&hdpid=6d128248-0eba-44b2-bdb5-eae136a56b52\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/~\/media\/McKinsey\/Industries\/Public%20Sector\/Our%20Insights\/Lives%20and%20livelihoods%20Assessing%20the%20near%20term%20impact%20of%20COVID%2019%20on%20US%20workers\/Lives-and-livelihoods-Assessing-the-near-term-impact-of-COVID-19-on-US-workers.ashx\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Using data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, this article analyzes the vulnerability of more than 800 occupations to reductions in pay, furloughs or permanent layoffs. The analysis is based on whether or not the jobs are considered \u201cessential\u201d and whether they require close proximity to others. The authors found that 44 to 57 million jobs are vulnerable to reductions in hours or pay, with temporary or permanent layoffs possible. This could potentially affect up to one-third of the entire US labour force. However, this would not translate to a 30% unemployment rate since other industries face increasing demand. Businesses such as groceries, pharmacies and delivery services would hire two to three million new workers.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Lund, S., Ellingrud, K., Hancok, B., Manyika, J. et Dua, A. (2020, avril). Lives and livelihoods: Assessing the near-term impact of COVID-19 on US workers (Vies et moyens de subsistance\u00a0: \u00e9valuation de l\u2019effet \u00e0 court terme de la COVID-19 sur les travailleurs des \u00c9tats-Unis). McKinsey Global Institute.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/public-sector\/our-insights\/lives-and-livelihoods-assessing-the-near-term-impact-of-covid-19-on-us-workers?cid=other-eml-alt-mip-mck&hlkid=0c16cf1343164b989a2b516cfaf17ed0&hctky=11906892&hdpid=6d128248-0eba-44b2-bdb5-eae136a56b52\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/~\/media\/McKinsey\/Industries\/Public%20Sector\/Our%20Insights\/Lives%20and%20livelihoods%20Assessing%20the%20near%20term%20impact%20of%20COVID%2019%20on%20US%20workers\/Lives-and-livelihoods-Assessing-the-near-term-impact-of-COVID-19-on-US-workers.ashx\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 partir des donn\u00e9es du Bureau of Labor Statistics des \u00c9tats-Unis, cet article analyse la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 de plus de 800\u00a0professions aux r\u00e9ductions de salaire, aux cong\u00e9s ou aux licenciements permanents, selon qu\u2019elles sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme \u00ab\u00a0essentielles\u00a0\u00bb ou non et qu\u2019elles n\u00e9cessitent ou non une grande proximit\u00e9 des autres. Ils ont constat\u00e9 que 44\u00a0\u00e0 57\u00a0millions d\u2019emplois sont menac\u00e9s par des r\u00e9ductions d\u2019heures ou de salaire ainsi que des mises \u00e0 pied temporaires ou permanentes, ce qui pourrait toucher jusqu\u2019\u00e0 un tiers de l\u2019ensemble de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre des \u00c9tats-Unis. Toutefois, cela ne se traduira pas par un taux de ch\u00f4mage de 30\u00a0%, car d\u2019autres secteurs conna\u00eetraient une demande croissante, comme les \u00e9piceries, les pharmacies et les services de livraison, et embaucheraient deux \u00e0 trois millions de travailleurs.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Massow M., McDougall B. et Weersink A. (2020, avril). Economic Thoughts on the Potential Implications of COVID-19 on the Canadian Dairy and Poultry Sectors (R\u00e9flexions \u00e9conomiques sur les cons\u00e9quences possibles de la COVID-19 sur les secteurs laitier et avicole canadiens).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cjag.12240\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9tude explore l\u2019effet de la COVID-19 sur la cha\u00eene d\u2019approvisionnement des secteurs laitier et avicole canadiens. Comme sources de production alimentaire, de nombreuses entreprises de ce secteur sont essentielles et ont pu att\u00e9nuer, dans une certaine mesure, les pertes \u00e9conomiques par rapport \u00e0 certains autres secteurs. L\u2019\u00e9tude sugg\u00e8re que certaines structures cl\u00e9s, comme les producteurs financi\u00e8rement stables et le partage des pertes entre les producteurs, ont jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le d\u00e9terminant dans la r\u00e9silience du secteur. Ces structures sont \u00e9galement susceptibles d\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer la reprise apr\u00e8s la pand\u00e9mie. Il convient toutefois de noter certains effets potentiels \u00e0 long terme\u00a0: les producteurs vont probablement se tourner vers des technologies permettant d\u2019\u00e9conomiser de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre et la forte hausse de la demande de denr\u00e9es alimentaires locale va probablement se poursuivre.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Massow, M., McDougall, B., &amp; Weersink, A. (2020, April). Economic thoughts on the potential implications of COVID-19 on the Canadian dairy and poultry sectors. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics (pre-pub version).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/cjag.12240\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This study explores the impact of COVID-19 on the Canadian dairy and poultry supply chain. Being a food production sector, many businesses are essential and have been able \u2014 to some extent \u2014 to mitigate economic losses relative to other sectors. The study suggests that some key structures, such as financially stable producers and shared losses, have been instrumental in determining the sector\u2019s resilience. These structures are also likely to accelerate recovery post-pandemic. However, important potential long-run effects should be noted. For example, 1) producers are likely to shift to labour-saving technology and 2) the spike in demand for domestic food supply is likely to remain.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2020, April). Adapting the use of ASYCUDA World to the COVID-19 situation: Guidelines to customs administrations. Geneva, Switzerland: UNCTAD.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/en\/PublicationsLibrary\/dtlasycudainf2020d1_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>During the COVID-19 crisis, most countries have kept customs administrations and cross-border agencies running to allow trade in essential goods. ASYCUDA World \u2014 a computerized customs management system that covers most foreign trade procedures \u2014 provides necessary support to better deal with this pandemic by adopting policies and procedures that ensure the smooth functioning of cross-border trade.<\/p>\n<p>UNCTAD\u2019s guidelines assist customs administrations in coping with COVID-19 measures in various ways. These include further paperless processing, reviewing risk criteria by focusing on emergency medical supplies, and reviewing organization arrangements and tax policy changes to regulate activities correspondingly. Verifying information and communication technology infrastructure adjustments, and performing trade data analysis to monitor the impacts of the crisis on the value of imported goods are also recommended. Developed countries will require additional technical and financial assistance to sustain themselves throughout the pandemic and to recover financially from this unprecedented outbreak.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>WEF. (2020, April). Impact of COVID-19 on the global financial system: Recommendations for policy-makers based on industry practitioner perspectives. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/reports\/impact-of-covid-19-on-the-global-financial-system\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_Impact_of_COVID_19_on_the_Global_Financial_System_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This briefing summarizes the key findings from several dialogues organized by the World Economic Forum about the impact of COVID-19 on the global financial system. These discussions among senior leaders from financial institutions, international organizations, central banks and other institutions led to four main policy recommendations: 1) \u201cflattening the curve\u201d of firm mortality; 2) making sure that the public\u2019s financial services needs are met digitally; 3) coordinating on a global level to maintain financial stability; and 4) providing further support to emerging markets and developing economies may be required from advanced economies.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Banque du Canada (2020, 31 mars). COVID-19 : Mesures visant \u00e0 soutenir l\u2019\u00e9conomie et le syst\u00e8me financier.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bankofcanada.ca\/markets\/market-operations-liquidity-provision\/covid-19-actions-support-economy-financial-system\/#impact\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Pour venir en aide aux particuliers et aux entreprises du Canada dans le contexte des perturbations caus\u00e9es par la COVID-19, la Banque du Canada a adopt\u00e9 plusieurs mesures visant \u00e0 amoindrir les cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques n\u00e9gatives et \u00e0 pr\u00e9venir les dommages \u00e0 long terme sur la capacit\u00e9 de production du pays. Tout d\u2019abord, le 27\u00a0mars, elle a baiss\u00e9 le taux cible du financement \u00e0 un jour \u00e0 0,25\u00a0%, ce qui r\u00e9duit les paiements sur les pr\u00eats existants et nouveaux dans l\u2019ensemble de l\u2019\u00e9conomie. Elle a aussi mis en place un programme de rachat \u00e9largi pour diff\u00e9rents types d\u2019obligations, diminuant ainsi le risque d\u2019illiquidit\u00e9 en facilitant l\u2019achat et la vente d\u2019obligations sur le march\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>La Banque du Canada a \u00e9galement lanc\u00e9 la Facilit\u00e9 d\u2019achat d\u2019acceptations bancaires, un march\u00e9 de financement de base et une source de financement pour les petites et moyennes entreprises emprunteuses au pays. Elle a aussi \u00e9tabli le Programme d\u2019achat de titres provinciaux sur les march\u00e9s mon\u00e9taires (PAPM), qui vise \u00e0 soutenir les emprunts \u00e0 court terme des provinces. De plus, la Banque du Canada est intervenue pour aider les institutions financi\u00e8res \u00e0 obtenir des fonds pour leurs pr\u00eats en prenant des mesures telles que l\u2019allongement de la dur\u00e9e des pr\u00eats aux banques et l\u2019\u00e9largissement de la liste des institutions admissibles \u00e0 leurs pr\u00eats, entre autres. Enfin, la Banque travaille avec des d\u00e9cideurs politiques du monde entier et les principaux partenaires \u00e9conomiques et financiers pour renforcer le bon fonctionnement des march\u00e9s pendant cette p\u00e9riode.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Bank of Canada. (2020, March 31). Covid-19: Actions to support the economy and financial system. Ottawa, ON.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bankofcanada.ca\/markets\/market-operations-liquidity-provision\/covid-19-actions-support-economy-financial-system\/#impact\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>To help both individuals and businesses in Canada amid the disruption caused by COVID-19, the Bank of Canada has enacted several measures to reduce negative economic impacts and prevent long-term damage to Canada\u2019s productive capacity. First, on March 27 it lowered the overnight rate target to 0.25%, which reduces payments on existing and new loans throughout the economy. It has also implemented an expanded buyback program for different types of bonds, thereby reducing the risk of illiquidity by facilitating the purchase and sale of bonds in the marketplace.<\/p>\n<p>The Bank of Canada also launched the Banker\u2019s Acceptance Purchase Facility (BAPF) \u2014 a core funding market and source of financing for small and medium-sized corporate borrowers in Canada. It also established the Provincial Money Market Purchase (PMMP) program to support short-term provincial borrowing. In addition, the Bank of Canada has intervened to help financial institutions obtain funding for lending by taking such steps, among others, as lengthening the term over which it lends money to banks and expanding the list of eligible institutions that can access their lending. Finally, the Bank is working with international policy makers and key economic and financial partners to reinforce well-functioning markets during this time.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Fujita, S., Moscarini, G. et Postel-Vinay, F. (2020, 30 mars). The labour market policy response to COVID-19 must save aggregate matching capital (La r\u00e9ponse de la politique du march\u00e9 du travail \u00e0 la COVID-19 doit sauver les capitaux de contrepartie globaux).\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/labour-market-policy-response-covid-19-must-save-aggregate-matching-capital\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Alors qu\u2019on d\u00e9ploie mani\u00e8re \u00e9nergique des politiques fiscales et mon\u00e9taires dans les pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s afin de pr\u00e9venir une catastrophe \u00e9conomique mondiale caus\u00e9e par le coronavirus, les auteurs sugg\u00e8rent d\u2019\u00e9viter les politiques qui favoriseraient une r\u00e9affectation importante et permanente de l\u2019emploi, qui entra\u00eenerait sans doute une destruction soudaine du capital humain et de la client\u00e8le propres \u00e0 l\u2019entreprise.<\/p>\n<p>Les politiques devraient plut\u00f4t faciliter une r\u00e9affectation d\u2019urgence rapide mais temporaire des emplois, tout en pr\u00e9servant le lien entre les travailleurs et leur emploi pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent. On peut le faire en accordant aux entreprises des pr\u00eats sans int\u00e9r\u00eat pour couvrir leurs frais fixes et en convertissant les pr\u00eats en subventions si une entreprise offre de r\u00e9embaucher d\u2019anciens salari\u00e9s lorsqu\u2019elle reprend ses activit\u00e9s normales. Le maintien du lien entre les travailleurs et leur ancien employeur pr\u00e9serverait le stock global de capital humain propre \u00e0 l\u2019entreprise, tout en \u00e9vitant les d\u00e9calages persistants qui risqueraient d\u2019entra\u00eener la propagation du choc temporaire en une stagnation prolong\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Fujita, S., Moscarini, G., &amp; Postel-Vinay, F. (2020, March 30). The labour market policy response to COVID-19 must save aggregate matching capital. London, UK: VoxEU CEPR Policy Portal.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/labour-market-policy-response-covid-19-must-save-aggregate-matching-capital\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Developed countries are now aggressively deploying fiscal and monetary policies to prevent a global economic catastrophe caused by the coronavirus. However, the authors suggest avoiding policies that would encourage a major, persistent reallocation of employment, which could result in the sudden destruction of firm-specific human capital and its customer base.<\/p>\n<p>Instead, policies should facilitate quick but temporary emergency reallocation of employment, while preserving worker attachment to their previous jobs. This can be accomplished by providing businesses with interest-free loans to cover their fixed costs and by converting those loans to grants should the business rehire its former employees when normal operations resume. Maintaining worker attachment to their previous employers would preserve the aggregate stock of firm-specific human capital, while also avoiding any persistent mismatch that could turn this temporary economic shock into a prolonged stagnation.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Bureau du directeur parlementaire du budget (2020, 27 mars). Analyse de sc\u00e9nario : chocs dus \u00e0 la pand\u00e9mie de la COVID-19 et \u00e0 la chute des prix du p\u00e9trole.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbo-dpb.gc.ca\/web\/default\/files\/Documents\/Reports\/RP-1920-033-S\/RP-1920-033-S_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>En supposant que l\u2019\u00e9loignement social et l\u2019auto-isolement resteront en place jusqu\u2019en ao\u00fbt\u00a02020 et que les membres de l\u2019OPEP et ses pays partenaires ne limiteront pas l\u2019offre de p\u00e9trole, un taux de croissance du PIB r\u00e9el de -5,1\u00a0% pour\u00a02020 est l\u2019une des cons\u00e9quences possibles de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 et des r\u00e9cents chocs des prix du p\u00e9trole au Canada. Selon ce sc\u00e9nario, le PIB r\u00e9el diminuerait de 2,5\u00a0% au premier trimestre de\u00a02020, puis de 25\u00a0% au deuxi\u00e8me trimestre. En outre, \u00e0 mesure que les prix du p\u00e9trole et d\u2019autres mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res baisseraient, le niveau global des prix de l\u2019\u00e9conomie diminuerait \u00e9galement, ce qui, combin\u00e9 \u00e0 la baisse du PIB r\u00e9el, r\u00e9duirait le niveau du PIB nominal de 218\u00a0milliards de dollars en\u00a02020.<\/p>\n<p>D\u2019ici au troisi\u00e8me trimestre de\u00a02020, il est possible que le Canada connaisse un taux de ch\u00f4mage de 15\u00a0%. De plus, le d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire pour l\u2019exercice\u00a02019-2020 pourrait atteindre 26,7\u00a0milliards de dollars, puis 112,7\u00a0milliards en\u00a02020-2021. Conjugu\u00e9es \u00e0 la baisse du PIB nominal, ces pressions budg\u00e9taires pourraient faire passer le ratio de la dette f\u00e9d\u00e9rale au PIB \u00e0 38,1\u00a0% en\u00a02020-21. Pour que l\u2019\u00e9conomie atteigne la vitesse de reprise compte tenu de ces r\u00e9sultats \u00e9conomiques et budg\u00e9taires, il est probable que des mesures de relance budg\u00e9taire plus importantes seront n\u00e9cessaires\u00a0\u2013 plus importantes que celles d\u00e9j\u00e0 pr\u00e9vues, dont les 28,5\u00a0milliards de dollars de soutien f\u00e9d\u00e9ral direct annonc\u00e9s les 11\u00a0et 18\u00a0mars.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer. (2020, March 27). Scenario analysis: COVID-19 pandemic and oil price shocks. Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbo-dpb.gc.ca\/web\/default\/files\/Documents\/Reports\/RP-1920-033-S\/RP-1920-033-S_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Under assumptions that social distancing and self-isolation will remain in place through August 2020 and that members of OPEC and its partner countries will not limit the supply of oil, a real GDP growth rate of \u20135.1% for 2020 is one possible outcome of the COVID-19 pandemic and recent oil price shocks in Canada. In this scenario, real GDP declines by 2.5% in 2020 Q1 and then by 25% in 2020 Q2. Moreover, as oil and other commodity prices fall, the aggregate price level of the economy will fall too. Combined with real GDP declines, this will reduce the level of nominal GDP by $218 billion in 2020.<\/p>\n<p>By 2020 Q3, Canada could be looking at an unemployment rate of 15%. In addition, the budget deficit for the 2019\u201320 fiscal year may increase to $26.7 billion and then to $112.7 billion in 2020\u201321. Coupled with the lower nominal GDP, these budgetary pressures may push the federal debt-to-GDP ratio to 38.1% in 2020\u201321. In order to ensure the economy is able to reach recovery speed given these economic and fiscal outcomes, it is likely that greater fiscal stimulus measures will be required \u2014 greater than those already provided, including the $28.5 billion in direct federal support announced on March 11 and March 18.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Angus Reid Institute. (2020, March 25). COVID-19: Those least equipped to endure economic downturn bearing the brunt of layoffs. Vancouver, BC.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/angusreid.org\/covid-19-economic-impact-canada\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/angusreid.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2020.03.23_coronavirus_economy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>According to this survey, 44% of Canadian households are working fewer hours due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Youth (aged 18\u201324) are the most likely to be affected: 45% report either having been laid off or working fewer hours, compared to 30% of those aged 25\u201334 and less than 30% of those aged 35\u201364.<\/p>\n<p>Among those who report being laid off or working fewers hours, 66% report receiving no compensation from employers to cover the reduction in hours worked. For the remaining third who did receive compensation, 20% received full compensation, 8% received over half (but less than the full reduction in hours), and 6% received less than half of the reduction in hours. Furthermore, of those who lost work hours without receiving full compensation from their employers, 69% applied for Employment Insurance (EI).<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Costa Dias, M., Joyce, R., Postel-Vinay, F. et Xu, X. (2020, 25 mars). The challenges for labour market policy during the Covid-19 pandemic (Les d\u00e9fis pour la politique du march\u00e9 du travail pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID\u201119), Institute for Fiscal Studies, Royaume-Uni.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ifs.org.uk\/publications\/14767\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Au Royaume-Uni, la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 a provoqu\u00e9 un changement temporaire mais radical dans les activit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques. Elle a caus\u00e9 une forte baisse de la demande sur le march\u00e9 du travail dans certains secteurs d\u2019activit\u00e9 et, parall\u00e8lement, cr\u00e9\u00e9 des p\u00e9nuries de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre dans d\u2019autres. L\u2019article sugg\u00e8re que le gouvernement du Royaume-Uni devrait mettre en \u0153uvre des mesures visant \u00e0 r\u00e9affecter temporairement les travailleurs mis \u00e0 pied dans des secteurs o\u00f9 il y a un besoin de main\u2011d\u2019\u0153uvre suppl\u00e9mentaire. En outre, le rapport recommande que la r\u00e9ponse politique du Royaume\u2011Uni r\u00e9duise les pertes d\u2019emplois permanents et pr\u00e9serve les liens existants entre employeurs et travailleurs, tout en supprimant les obstacles \u00e0 l\u2019acceptation d\u2019emplois de remplacement temporaires.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Costa Dias, M., Joyce, R., Postel-Vinay, F., &amp; Xu, X. (2020, March 25). The challenges for labour market policy during the Covid-19 pandemic. London, UK: The Institute for Fiscal Studies.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ifs.org.uk\/publications\/14767\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>In the UK, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a temporary but radical shift in economic activities, causing sharp declines in labour market demand in some sectors, while simultaneously creating shortages in others. The article suggests that the UK government should implement measures designed to temporarily reallocate laid-off workers to sectors with labour shortages. Additionally, the report recommends that the UK\u2019s policy response should reduce permanent job losses and preserve existing employer\u2013worker links, while at the same time removing any barriers to workers taking up temporary substitute jobs.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Institut Angus Reid (2020, 25 mars). COVID-19: Those least equipped to endure economic downturn bearing the brunt of layoffs (COVID-19 : Les personnes les moins outill\u00e9es pour subir le ralentissement \u00e9conomique sont les plus touch\u00e9es par les mises \u00e0 pied).\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/angusreid.org\/covid-19-economic-impact-canada\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"http:\/\/angusreid.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2020.03.23_coronavirus_economy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Selon ce sondage, 44\u00a0% des m\u00e9nages canadiens travaillent moins d\u2019heures en raison de l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de la COVID-19. Les jeunes (de 18\u00a0\u00e0 24\u00a0ans) sont les plus susceptibles d\u2019\u00eatre touch\u00e9s : 45\u00a0% d\u2019entre eux d\u00e9clarent qu\u2019ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mis \u00e0 pied ou que leurs heures de travail ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9duites, comparativement \u00e0 30\u00a0% et moins chez les gens de 25\u00a0\u00e0 64\u00a0ans.<\/p>\n<p>Parmi ceux qui ont rapport\u00e9 une mise \u00e0 pied ou une r\u00e9duction de leurs heures, 66\u00a0% ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 n\u2019avoir re\u00e7u aucune compensation de leurs employeurs pour la diminution des heures de travail; 20\u00a0% ont re\u00e7u une pleine compensation; 8\u00a0% ont re\u00e7u l\u2019\u00e9quivalent de plus de la moiti\u00e9 (mais moins qu\u2019une pleine compensation) et 6\u00a0% ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que la compensation a couvert moins de la moiti\u00e9 de la r\u00e9duction de leurs heures de travail. De plus, parmi ceux qui affirment avoir perdu des heures de travail sans recevoir une pleine compensation, 69\u00a0% ont fait une demande d\u2019assurance-emploi.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Kikuchi, L. et Khurana, I. (2020, 24 mars) The Jobs at Risk Index (JARI): Which occupations expose workers to COVID-19 most? (L\u2019indice des emplois \u00e0 risque : quelles professions exposent le plus les travailleurs \u00e0 la COVID-19). Extrait du site d\u2019Autonomy.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/autonomy.work\/portfolio\/jari\/#1585136754097-c3a84246-300f\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce rapport quantifie les risques professionnels au Royaume-Uni pour 273\u00a0professions selon l\u2019exposition aux maladies et la proximit\u00e9 physique des personnes. Un exercice semblable est paru dans le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/03\/15\/business\/economy\/coronavirus-worker-risk.html\"><em>New\u00a0York Times<\/em><\/a> (en anglais seulement) pour les professions aux \u00c9tats-Unis. Chaque profession re\u00e7oit une cote pour deux indices, l\u2019exposition et la proximit\u00e9 physique, et ces deux cotes sont combin\u00e9es pour g\u00e9n\u00e9rer le facteur d\u2019identification du risque (FIR) d\u2019une valeur de\u00a00 \u00e0\u00a0100. Le FIR moyen est de 50 et les professions au FIR sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0\u00a070 sont dites \u00e0 haut risque. Il existe 28\u00a0professions \u00e0 haut risque, dont 22 sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme des professions de \u00ab\u00a0travailleurs cl\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb. Les travailleurs de celles-ci sont les plus susceptibles de devoir continuer \u00e0 travailler m\u00eame en situation de confinement.<\/p>\n<p>Une des principales conclusions de ce rapport est que les femmes sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re disproportionn\u00e9e parmi les professions \u00e0 haut risque, en particulier parmi les personnes qui gagnent des salaires de mis\u00e8re, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire moins que les deux tiers du salaire m\u00e9dian. Plus d\u2019un million d\u2019emplois \u00e0 haut risque offrent des salaires de mis\u00e8re, et 98\u00a0% des personnes qui les occupent sont des femmes.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Kikuchi, L., &amp; Khurana, I., (2020, March 24), The Jobs at Risk Index (JARI): Which occupations expose workers to COVID-19 most? London, UK: Autonomy.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/autonomy.work\/portfolio\/jari\/#1585136754097-c3a84246-300f\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This report quantifies occupational risk in the United Kingdom for 273 occupations based on workplace exposure to illness and physical proximity to people. A similar exercise is available in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/03\/15\/business\/economy\/coronavirus-worker-risk.html\">New York Times<\/a> for occupations in the United States.<\/p>\n<p>Each occupation is scored on two indices \u2014 exposure and physical proximity \u2014 that are combined to generate a risk identification factor (RIF) value of between 0 and 100. The average RIF is 50; occupations with a RIF greater than 70 are deemed \u201chigh risk.\u201d There are 28 high-risk occupations, 22 of which are considered \u201ckey workers\u201d and therefore most likely to be required to continue working even during the lockdown.<\/p>\n<p>A key finding of this report is that women are disproportionately represented among the high-risk occupations, specifically among workers who earn poverty wages (i.e., less than 2\/3 of the median wage). Over one million high-risk jobs pay poverty wages, and 98% of these workers are women.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Muro, M., Maxim, R. et Whiton, J. (2020, 24 mars). The robots are ready as the COVID-19 recession spreads (Les robots sont pr\u00eats alors que la r\u00e9cession de la COVID-19 se propage), Brookings.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/the-avenue\/2020\/03\/24\/the-robots-are-ready-as-the-covid-19-recession-spreads\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Tandis que s\u2019intensifient les craintes de r\u00e9cession li\u00e9e au virus, les auteurs discutent de l\u2019augmentation et de l\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration potentielles de l\u2019automatisation qui pourraient d\u00e9couler de la COVID-19 malgr\u00e9 le taux de ch\u00f4mage plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 aux \u00c9tats-Unis. Les auteurs soutiennent que la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre devient relativement plus co\u00fbteuse \u00e0 la suite d\u2019une baisse importante des revenus des entreprises. Selon eux, l\u2019incidence accrue de l\u2019automatisation de remplacement de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre pourrait rendre certains travailleurs plus vuln\u00e9rables, notamment les jeunes et les populations surrepr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans les professions de sp\u00e9cialisation r\u00e9duite.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Muro, M., Maxim, R., &amp; Whiton, J. (2020, March 24). The robots are ready as the COVID-19 recession spreads. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/the-avenue\/2020\/03\/24\/the-robots-are-ready-as-the-covid-19-recession-spreads\/\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>As virus-related\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-healthcare-coronavirus-goldman\/goldman-downgrades-u-s-growth-forecast-for-first-quarter-second-quarter-due-to-coronavirus-idUSKBN21217L\">recession fears<\/a>\u00a0escalate, the authors discuss the potential increase and acceleration in automation that could stem from COVID-19 despite the higher unemployment in the US. The authors argue that labour becomes relatively more expensive in the wake of significant declines in firm revenue. The increased incidence of labour-replacing automation, they say, could leave certain workers more vulnerable, including youth and populations over-represented among low-skilled occupations.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Agopsowicz, A. (2020, March 20). COVID-19\u2019s threat to Canada\u2019s vulnerable workers. Montreal, QC\/Toronto, ON: Royal Bank of Canada.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/thoughtleadership.rbc.com\/covid-19-could-affect-millions-of-canadas-most-vulnerable-workers\/?utm_medium=social&utm_source=linkedin.com&utm_campaign=covid+19+report\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Service sector workers and new graduates are two of the groups most vulnerable to the negative economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, according to this report from RBC.<\/p>\n<p>The service sector is expected to experience a massive collapse in demand. As a result, many workers in this sector are at high risk of losing their jobs. Furthermore, many of those in working the service sector lack the security and protection of full-time, permanent employment. In Canada, two million individuals are employed as casual and contract workers; 93% of casual workers and 85% of contractors work in the service sector.<\/p>\n<p>Students and new graduates are also likely to experience losses in wages and employment. As summer approaches, student-contract workers are likely to lose the income typically earned from summer jobs. Nearly one million youth worked in seasonal or contract jobs in the summer of 2019; the outlook for the summer of 2020 is uncertain. It was also anticipated that 500,000 new graduates would join the labour force in 2020. These new graduates face the prospect of entering the job market at its weakest point, which can in turn lead to prolonged underemployment.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Agosowicz, A. (2020, 20 mars). COVID-19\u2019s Threat to Canada\u2019s Vulnerable Workers (La menace de la COVID-19 pour les travailleurs vuln\u00e9rables du Canada). Banque Royale du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/thoughtleadership.rbc.com\/covid-19-could-affect-millions-of-canadas-most-vulnerable-workers\/?utm_medium=social&utm_source=linkedin.com&utm_campaign=covid+19+report\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Les travailleurs du secteur des services et les nouveaux dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s sont deux groupes parmi les plus vuln\u00e9rables aux cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques n\u00e9gatives de la crise de la COVID-19, selon ce rapport de RBC. Le secteur des services devrait conna\u00eetre un effondrement massif de la demande. Par cons\u00e9quent, de nombreux travailleurs de ce secteur courent un risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 de perdre leur emploi. Aussi, de nombreuses personnes travaillant dans le secteur des services n\u2019ont pas la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et la protection d\u2019un emploi permanent \u00e0 temps plein. Au Canada, deux millions de personnes sont employ\u00e9es comme travailleurs occasionnels et contractuels, et dont 93\u00a0% et 85\u00a0%, respectivement, travaillent dans le secteur des services.<\/p>\n<p>Les \u00e9tudiants et les nouveaux dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s constituent un autre groupe susceptible de subir des pertes de salaire et d\u2019emploi. \u00c0 l\u2019approche de l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9, les travailleurs contractuels \u00e9tudiants sont susceptibles de perdre les revenus qu\u2019ils tirent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de leur emploi d\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9. Pr\u00e8s d\u2019un million de jeunes ont occup\u00e9 un emploi saisonnier ou contractuel \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9\u00a02019, et on pr\u00e9voyait que 500\u00a0000\u00a0nouveaux dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s rejoindraient la population active en 2020. Ces jeunes dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s doivent faire face \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019entrer sur le march\u00e9 du travail \u00e0 son point le plus faible, situation qui pourrait entra\u00eener un sous-emploi prolong\u00e9.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>ILO. (2020, March 19). COVID-19 and world of work: Impact and policy responses. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organization.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/topics\/coronavirus\/impacts-and-responses\/lang--en\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---dgreports\/---dcomm\/documents\/briefingnote\/wcms_738753.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The COVID-19 virus will impact the world of work in terms of quantity of jobs, quality of work, and effects on vulnerable workers in the labour market. The ILO estimates a significant rise in unemployment and underemployment based on GDP growth in the wake of the virus. A decrease in wages and working hours and an increase in self-employment are also expected.<\/p>\n<p>The ILO lays out several key policies to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on the world of work: 1) stimulate demand and protect workers and enterprises via a human-centred approach; 2) focus policy responses on health protection measures and economic support for both demand and supply; 3) monitor carefully for strong and sustained impacts, and for direct and indirect effects of all policy interventions; 4) build confidence through trust and dialogue; 5) protect workers in accordance with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/covid-19-sprp-unct-guidelines.pdf\">WHO recommendation<\/a>s; 6) stimulate the economy and labour demand through fiscal and monetary policies; 7) protect employment and incomes for enterprises and workers impacted by the indirect effects of COVID-19 such factory closures, disrupted supply chains, travel bans, cancellation of public events, etc.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Organisation internationale du travail (2020, 19 mars). La COVID-19 et le monde du travail\u00a0: R\u00e9percussions et r\u00e9ponses politiques. Gen\u00e8ve (Suisse).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/topics\/coronavirus\/impacts-and-responses\/lang--en\/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/---dgreports\/---dcomm\/documents\/briefingnote\/wcms_738753.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Le COVID-19 aura des cons\u00e9quences sur le monde du travail en mati\u00e8re de quantit\u00e9 d\u2019emplois, de qualit\u00e9 du travail et d\u2019effet sur les travailleurs vuln\u00e9rables sur le march\u00e9 du travail. L\u2019Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) pr\u00e9voit une augmentation importante du ch\u00f4mage et du sous-emploi selon la croissance du PIB \u00e0 la suite du virus. Une diminution des salaires et des heures de travail ainsi qu\u2019une augmentation du travail ind\u00e9pendant sont aussi attendues<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019OIT d\u00e9finit plusieurs politiques cl\u00e9s pour att\u00e9nuer les cons\u00e9quences de la COVID-19 sur le monde du travail\u00a0: 1)\u00a0stimuler la demande et prot\u00e9ger les travailleurs et les entreprises gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une approche ax\u00e9e sur l\u2019humain; 2)\u00a0axer les r\u00e9ponses politiques sur les mesures de protectin de la sant\u00e9 et le soutien \u00e9conomique \u00e0 la fois de l\u2019offre et de la demande; 3)\u00a0surveiller attentivement les retomb\u00e9es fortes et durables ainsi que les effets directs et indirectes de toutes les interventions politiques; 4)\u00a0renforcer la confiance gr\u00e2ce au dialogue; 5)\u00a0prot\u00e9ger les travailleurs conform\u00e9ment aux <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/covid-19-sprp-unct-guidelines.pdf\">recommandations de l\u2019OMS<\/a>; 6)\u00a0stimuler l\u2019\u00e9conomie et la demande de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des politiques fiscales et mon\u00e9taires; 7)\u00a0prot\u00e9ger l\u2019emploi et les revenus des entreprises et des travailleurs touch\u00e9s par les effets indirects de la COVID-19, comme la fermeture d\u2019usines, les perturbations de la cha\u00eene d\u2019approvisionnement, les interdictions de voyager, l\u2019annulation d\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nements publics, etc.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Gopinath, G. (2020, 18 mars). \u00ab Limiting the economic fallout of the coronavirus with large targeted policies \u00bb (Limiter les cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques du coronavirus gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 de vastes politiques cibl\u00e9es), dans R. Baldwin et B. Weder di Mauro (\u00e9d.), Mitigating the COVID economic crisis: Act fast and do whatever it takes (Att\u00e9nuer la crise \u00e9conomique de la COVID\u00a0: agir rapidement et faire ce qu\u2019il faut) (p.\u00a041-47). Londres (Royaume-Uni), CEPR Press (Centre for Economic Policy Research).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/voxeu.org\/content\/mitigating-covid-economic-crisis-act-fast-and-do-whatever-it-takes\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Le chapitre souligne que la chute des secteurs manufacturiers due \u00e0 la COVID-19 est comparable au d\u00e9but de la crise financi\u00e8re mondiale en 2008. Toutefois, le d\u00e9clin des secteurs des services semble plus important cette fois-ci. La pand\u00e9mie a provoqu\u00e9 des chocs sur l\u2019offre comme sur la demande.<\/p>\n<p>Du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l\u2019offre, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que de nombreuses entreprises d\u00e9pendent de biens interm\u00e9diaires produits localement ou \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, les perturbations commerciales ont fait baisser la production. Du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la demande, la perte de revenus, la crainte de la contagion et l\u2019incertitude accrue sont autant de sources de la baisse de consommation.<\/p>\n<p>Outre les effets sectoriels, on s\u2019attend \u00e0 ce que les entreprises r\u00e9duisent leurs d\u00e9penses et leurs investissements en raison de la baisse pr\u00e9vue de la demande. Il en r\u00e9sulterait une aggravation des fermetures d\u2019entreprises et des pertes d\u2019emplois. Le rapport fournit \u00e9galement des recommandations sur la mani\u00e8re dont la communaut\u00e9 internationale peut aider les pays dont les capacit\u00e9s en mati\u00e8re de sant\u00e9 sont limit\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Gopinath, G. (2020, March 18). Limiting the economic fallout of the coronavirus with large targeted policies. In R. Baldwin &amp; B. Weder di Mauro (Eds.), Mitigating the COVID economic crisis: Act fast and do whatever it takes (pp. 41\u201347). London, UK: CEPR Press (Centre for Economic Policy Research).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/voxeu.org\/content\/mitigating-covid-economic-crisis-act-fast-and-do-whatever-it-takes\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>The chapter emphasizes that the drop in manufacturing sectors because of COVID-19 is comparable to the start of the global financial crisis in 2008. However, the decline in service sectors appears larger this time. The pandemic has caused both supply and demand shocks.<\/p>\n<p>On the supply side, since many firms rely on intermediate goods produced domestically or internationally, business disruptions have lowered production. On the demand side, the loss of income, fear of contagion and increased uncertainty are all sources of lower consumption.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to the sectoral effects, it is expected that firms will reduce their spending and investment due to expected lower demand. In turn, this would worsen business closures and job losses. The report also provides recommendations for how the international community can help countries with limited health capacity.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Stewart, M. (2020, 17 mars). Canadian Outlook Summary (R\u00e9sum\u00e9 des Perspectives canadiennes). Le Conference Board du Canada. Outlook Spring 2020 (Perspectives printemps 2020).\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.conferenceboard.ca\/focus-areas\/canadian-economics\/10647\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.conferenceboard.ca\/e-Library\/document.aspx?did=10648\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Avec la propagation de la COVID-19, le Conference Board du Canada estime que le PIB n\u2019augmentera que de 0,3\u00a0% en 2020, pour ensuite rebondir \u00e0 2,5\u00a0% en 2021. Il pr\u00e9voit la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019environ 138\u00a0000\u00a0emplois en 2020, contre 391\u00a0000 l\u2019ann\u00e9e derni\u00e8re (une baisse de 65\u00a0%). N\u00e9anmoins, le d\u00e9clin de l\u2019emploi devrait avoir un effet minime sur la croissance des salaires, qui \u00e9tait environ deux fois plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e que le taux d\u2019inflation en 2019. Bien que le rapport ne pr\u00e9voit pas que la croissance des salaires sera aussi forte en 2020, les auteurs s\u2019attendent tout de m\u00eame \u00e0 ce que les salaires augmentent de 3,1\u00a0% dans l\u2019ensemble.<\/p>\n<p>Ce rapport de perspectives souligne aussi que l\u2019incertitude li\u00e9e \u00e0 la propagation de la COVID-19 retardera les d\u00e9cisions d\u2019investissements, particuli\u00e8rement dans le secteur de l\u2019\u00e9nergie. Le secteur de l\u2019\u00e9nergie est en outre touch\u00e9 par la guerre des prix du p\u00e9trole entre la Russie et l\u2019Arabie saoudite, qui a entra\u00een\u00e9 une hausse de la production au moment m\u00eame o\u00f9 la demande de p\u00e9trole s\u2019effondrait en raison de la crise de la COVID-19. En cons\u00e9quence, le prix du p\u00e9trole a chut\u00e9 de plus de la moiti\u00e9. Le rapport affirme que si le conflit sur la production de p\u00e9trole n\u2019est pas r\u00e9solu rapidement, les compagnies d\u2019\u00e9nergie seront oblig\u00e9es de r\u00e9duire leur production encore plus que pr\u00e9vu, ce qui risque de faire entrer le Canada en r\u00e9cession au troisi\u00e8me trimestre.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Stewart, M. (2020, March 17). Canadian outlook summary: Spring 2020. Ottawa, ON: Conference Board of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.conferenceboard.ca\/focus-areas\/canadian-economics\/10647\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.conferenceboard.ca\/e-Library\/document.aspx?did=10648\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>With the outbreak of COVID-19, the Conference Board of Canada predicts GDP to increase by only 0.3% in 2020, and then rebound to 2.5% in 2021. It expects that approximately 138,000 jobs will be created in 2020, down from 391,000 in 2019 (a 65% decrease). Nevertheless, this decline in employment is expected to have minimal impact on wage growth, which was roughly twice the rate of inflation in 2019. While the report doesn\u2019t expect wage growth to be as strong in 2020, wages are still expected to grow by 3.1% overall.<\/p>\n<p>This outlook also highlights that the uncertainty of the COVID-19 outbreak will delay investment decisions, particularly in the energy sector. The oil price war between Russia and Saudi Arabia \u2014 with its surge in oil output, just as demand collapsed because of the COVID-19 crisis \u2014 is also hitting the energy sector. As a result, the price of oil has fallen by more than half. If this dispute is not soon resolved, the report argues that energy companies will be forced to cut production even more than anticipated, likely causing Canada to enter a recession in the third quarter of 2020.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Macdonald, D. (2020, 16 mars). COVID-19 and the Canadian workforce (La COVID-19 et la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre canadienne). Extrait du site web du Centre canadien des politiques alternatives.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/publications\/reports\/covid-19-and-canadian-workforce\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>En raison de la COVID-19, de nombreux travailleurs se retrouveront au ch\u00f4mage et seront oblig\u00e9s de recourir \u00e0 l\u2019assurance-emploi pour joindre les deux bouts.<\/p>\n<p>Le rapport note que les interventions politiques et les changements apport\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019assurance-emploi lors de l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de SRAS en 2003 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 un moyen efficace de soutenir les personnes touch\u00e9es par les cons\u00e9quences \u00e9conomiques de la crise sanitaire. En se basant sur cette exp\u00e9rience, les auteurs proposent de mettre en \u0153uvre neuf changements \u00e0 l\u2019assurance-emploi\u00a0: 1)\u00a0\u00e9liminer le d\u00e9lai de carence d\u2019une semaine pour les prestations de maladie; 2)\u00a0faire passer les ententes de Travail partag\u00e9 de 38\u00a0\u00e0 76\u00a0semaines; 3)\u00a0supprimer l\u2019exigence d\u2019un certificat m\u00e9dical pour les prestations de maladie; 4)\u00a0offrir des prestations d\u2019urgence d\u2019assurance-emploi pour les personnes qui n\u2019y auraient pas droit autrement; 5)\u00a0mettre en \u0153uvre une approche proactive pour le Travail partag\u00e9; 6)\u00a0r\u00e9duire \u00e0 360\u00a0heures le nombre d\u2019heures requis pour avoir droit aux prestations; 7)\u00a0donner une d\u00e9finition large de la quarantaine afin de faciliter un meilleur acc\u00e8s aux prestations de maladie de l\u2019assurance-emploi; 8)\u00a0mettre en place une ligne d\u2019assistance COVID-19; 9)\u00a0ne pas comptabiliser les prestations pour la COVID-19 pour les prestations futures li\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019assurance-emploi.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Remarque<\/em><\/strong><em>\u00a0: <\/em>Depuis la publication de ce rapport, le gouvernement du Canada a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 apporter des changements aux crit\u00e8res d\u2019admissibilit\u00e9 de l\u2019assurance-emploi. Pour des informations \u00e0 jour, consultez la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/fr\/emploi-developpement-social\/ministere\/avis\/coronavirus.html\">page des programmes de l\u2019assurance-emploi<\/a>.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Macdonald, D. (2020, March 16). Covid-19 and the Canadian workforce. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/publications\/reports\/covid-19-and-canadian-workforce\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>As a result of COVID-19, many workers will become unemployed and will be forced to turn to Employment Insurance (EI) to make ends meet. The report notes that policy interventions and changes made to EI during the SARS outbreak in 2003 were effective in supporting those affected by the economic fallout from that health crisis.<\/p>\n<p>Drawing on this experience, the author suggests implementing the nine following changes to EI: 1) eliminate the one-week waiting period for sickness benefits; 2) increase work-sharing from 38 to 76 weeks; 3) waive the medical note requirement for sickness benefits; 4) implement an emergency EI benefit for those who would not otherwise qualify; 5) take a pro-active approach to work-sharing; 6) lower the number of hours required to 360 to qualify for benefits ; 7) broadly define \u201cquarantine\u201d to facilitate greater access to EI sickness benefits; 8) implement a COVID-19 hotline; and 9) exempt EI benefits for COVID-19 from counting against future EI benefits.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Note:<\/em><\/strong> Since this report was published, the Government of Canada has begun to make changes to EI eligibility criteria. For up-to-date information see the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/employment-social-development\/corporate\/notices\/coronavirus.html\">EI Programs page<\/a>.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Communication de la Commission au Parlement europ\u00e9en, au Conseil europ\u00e9en, au Conseil, \u00e0 la Banque centrale europ\u00e9enne, \u00e0 la Banque europ\u00e9enne d\u2019investissement et \u00e0 l\u2019Eurogroupe. (2020, 13 mars). Coordinated Economic Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak (R\u00e9ponse \u00e9conomique coordonn\u00e9e \u00e0 la flamb\u00e9e de la COVID-19).<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/sites\/info\/files\/communication-coordinated-economic-response-covid19-march-2020_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p><em>(en anglais seulement)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ce rapport pr\u00e9sente les mesures prises par la Commission europ\u00e9enne pour assurer l\u2019approvisionnement du syst\u00e8me de sant\u00e9, att\u00e9nuer les effets n\u00e9gatifs sur l\u2019emploi, soutenir le secteur bancaire et les entreprises par des liquidit\u00e9s (particuli\u00e8rement pour les petites et moyennes entreprises) et fournir une aide aux membres de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne.<\/p>\n<p>Pour r\u00e9duire les effets n\u00e9gatifs de cette pand\u00e9mie, la Commission aidera les membres de l\u2019UE \u00e0 pr\u00e9venir le ch\u00f4mage gr\u00e2ce aux fonds structurels de l\u2019UE, notamment le Fonds social europ\u00e9en et une nouvelle Initiative d\u2019investissement en r\u00e9action au coronavirus. Dans le cadre de cette derni\u00e8re initiative, la Commission consacrera 37 milliards d\u2019euros au soutien du syst\u00e8me de sant\u00e9, \u00e0 l\u2019octroi de fonds aux PME durement touch\u00e9es et \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction temporaire du temps de travail tout en soutenant les revenus des travailleurs. La Commission propose \u00e9galement d\u2019int\u00e9grer la crise de sant\u00e9 publique dans le champ d\u2019application du Fonds de solidarit\u00e9 de l\u2019UE, ce qui mettra \u00e0 disposition 800 millions d\u2019euros (\u00e0 l\u2019heure actuelle, on ne sait pas encore exactement comment ces fonds seront utilis\u00e9s). En outre, la Commission peut aussi mobiliser le Fonds europ\u00e9en d\u2019ajustement \u00e0 la mondialisation pour aider les travailleurs licenci\u00e9s et ind\u00e9pendants. Avec ce fonds, une somme suppl\u00e9mentaire de 179 millions d\u2019euros pourrait \u00eatre d\u00e9gag\u00e9e. La Commission pr\u00e9pare \u00e9galement une proposition l\u00e9gislative pour un r\u00e9gime europ\u00e9en de r\u00e9assurance ch\u00f4mage afin d\u2019aider les travailleurs et ceux qui ont perdu leur emploi en raison de la pand\u00e9mie.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>European Commission. (2020, March 13). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Central Bank, the European Investment Bank and the Eurogroup: Coordinated economic response to the COVID-19 outbreak. Brussels, Belgium.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/sites\/info\/files\/communication-coordinated-economic-response-covid19-march-2020_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>his report lays out the European Commission\u2019s measures for ensuring the necessary healthcare supplies, alleviating the negative impact on employment, supporting the banking sector and businesses (especially small and medium-sized enterprises [SMEs]) with liquidity and providing aid to EU members.<\/p>\n<p>To reduce the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Commission will assist EU members in preventing unemployment through the EU\u2019s structural funds, including the European Social Fund and a new Coronavirus Response Investment Initiative (CRII). Under the CRII, the Commission will fund \u20ac37 billion to support the healthcare system, provide money to SMEs hit hard by the shock, and help temporarily reduce working hours while still supporting workers\u2019 incomes.<\/p>\n<p>The Commission also proposes to incorporate the public health crisis within the scope of the EU Solidarity Fund, which will make \u20ac800 million available (it is not yet clear how these funds will be used). Furthermore, the Commission may also mobilize the European Globalization Adjustment Fund to help laid off and self-employed workers. Under this fund, an additional \u20ac179 million could be made available. The Commission is also preparing a legislative proposal for a European Unemployment Reinsurance Scheme to help workers and those who lose their jobs due to the pandemic.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Department of Finance Canada. (2020). Economic and Fiscal Snapshot 2020. Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/department-finance\/services\/publications\/economic-fiscal-snapshot.html\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/fin\/publications\/efs-peb\/homepage\/EFS2020-eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>This report reflects on the policies and initiatives taken by the federal government to protect and support Canadians and Canadian businesses from the impacts of the pandemic. Canada\u2019s COVID-19 Economic Response Plan was designed to provide rapid support that targeted those who need it the most. Offering an overview of the health and economic situation in Canada throughout the pandemic, the report emphasizes the vulnerable groups who have experienced some of the most significant health, social and economic impacts. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"bibliography-post\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Minist\u00e8re des Finances du Canada, Portrait \u00e9conomique et budg\u00e9taire 2020, 2020, Ottawa (Ontario), Gouvernement du Canada.<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"bibliography-links\">\n\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/fr\/ministere-finances\/services\/publications\/portrait-economique-budgetaire.html\" target=\"_blank\">HTML<\/a>]\t\t\t[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/fin\/publications\/efs-peb\/homepage\/efs2020-fra.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">PDF<\/a>]\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<p>Ce rapport rend compte des politiques et des mesures mises en place par le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral pour prot\u00e9ger et soutenir les Canadiens et les entreprises canadiennes contre les incidences de la pand\u00e9mie. Le Plan d\u2019intervention \u00e9conomique du Canada pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la COVID-19 vise \u00e0 offrir un soutien rapide aux personnes qui en ont le plus besoin. Pr\u00e9sentant un aper\u00e7u de l\u2019\u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 et du contexte \u00e9conomique au Canada pendant la pand\u00e9mie, ce rapport met en lumi\u00e8re les groupes vuln\u00e9rables qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 les plus touch\u00e9s par les incidences de la crise sanitaire sur la sant\u00e9 et sur le plan socio-\u00e9conomique.  <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<a id=\"to-top-button\"><\/a>\n\n<h2>\n\t\tContenu connexe\n\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/fr\/combler-les-lacunes-de-connaissances-sur-lavenir-du-travail-une-perspective-canadienne\/\" target=\"_self\" itemprop=\"url\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Bridging-the-gap-768x512-1.jpg\" alt=\"Blog Featured Image - Bridging the knowledge gap in the future of work [768 x 512][Real Image Size]\" itemprop=\"image\" height=\"512\" width=\"768\" title=\"Blog Featured Image - Bridging the knowledge gap in the future of work [768 x 512][Real Image Size]\" onerror=\"this.style.display='none'\"  \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n<h4>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/fr\/combler-les-lacunes-de-connaissances-sur-lavenir-du-travail-une-perspective-canadienne\/\" title=\"Combler les lacunes de connaissances sur l'avenir du travail : une perspective Canadienne\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\tCombler les lacunes de connaissances sur l&#8217;avenir du travail : une perspective Canadienne\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/fr\/comprendre-lavenir-du-travail-au-canada\/\" target=\"_self\" itemprop=\"url\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/making-sense-of-the-future-work.png\" alt=\"Blog Featured Image - Making sense of the future of work in Canada [750 x 450][Real Image Size]\" itemprop=\"image\" height=\"450\" width=\"750\" title=\"Blog Featured Image - Making sense of the future of work in Canada [750 x 450][Real Image Size]\" onerror=\"this.style.display='none'\"  \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n<h4>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/fr\/comprendre-lavenir-du-travail-au-canada\/\" title=\"Comprendre l'avenir du travail au Canada\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\tComprendre l&#8217;avenir du travail au Canada\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/LMI-Insight-Report-no-22.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" itemprop=\"url\">\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/22.jpg\" alt=\"22\" itemprop=\"image\" height=\"600\" width=\"800\" title=\"22\" onerror=\"this.style.display='none'\"  \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n<h4>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/fr\/rapport-de-perspectives-de-limt-n-22-comprendre-linterdependance-de-lavenir-du-travail-une-etude-de-cas-sur-ce-qui-ne-tourne-pas-rond-dans-les-discussions-actuelles\/\" title=\"Rapport de perspectives de l'IMT n\u00b0 22, Comprendre l'interd\u00e9pendance de l'avenir du travail : une \u00e9tude de cas sur ce qui ne tourne pas rond dans les discussions actuelles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\tRapport de perspectives de l&#8217;IMT n\u00b0 22, Comprendre l&#8217;interd\u00e9pendance de l&#8217;avenir du travail : une \u00e9tude de cas sur ce qui ne tourne pas rond dans les discussions actuelles\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t<\/h4>\n<h2>\n\t\t Inscrivez-vous \u00e0 notre infolettre\n\t<\/h2>\n\t<!-- Begin Mailchimp Signup Form -->\n<form action=\"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.us12.list-manage.com\/subscribe\/post?u=67151915b305f485dff20c0d6&amp;id=21d99ee7f9\" method=\"post\" id=\"mc-embedded-subscribe-form\" name=\"mc-embedded-subscribe-form\" target=\"_blank\" novalidate>\t\n\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" name=\"FNAME\" id=\"mce-FNAME\" placeholder=\"Pr\u00e9nom (Obligatoire)\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" value=\"\" name=\"LNAME\" id=\"mce-LNAME\" placeholder=\"Nom de famille (Obligatoire)\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" name=\"EMAIL\" id=\"mce-EMAIL\" placeholder=\"Courriel (Obligatoire)\"\/>\n\t\t<button role=\"button\">\n\t\t\tSouscrire\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t    <!-- real people should not fill this in and expect good things - 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Les raisons qui motivent le projet Ce projet a pour objectif de faire en sorte que les d\u00e9cideurs politiques et les intervenants disposent d&#8217;informations et de r\u00e9flexions \u00e0 jour sur les \u00e9volutions&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":13828,"parent":3373,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4596","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Actualit\u00e9 du travail &#8212; LMIC-CIMT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lmic-cimt.ca\/fr\/projets\/actualite-du-travail\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Actualit\u00e9 du travail &#8212; LMIC-CIMT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Actualit\u00e9 du travail La Bibliographie annot\u00e9e sur l&#8217;actualit\u00e9 du travail du CIMT synth\u00e9tise les derniers r\u00e9sultats de recherche en lien avec la COVID-19. 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