This article from the Cambridge Journal of Economics addresses the ongoing debate around the future of work and working time, emphasizing key challenges and changes.

The authors argue that the idea of a regular, fairly compensated workweek is not only under threat, but is already unattainable for many workers due to the:

• disconnected work processes and algorithmic management (use of technological tools and techniques to manage workforces remotely) that are common to non-standard employment
• move to the 24/7 economy
• spread of platform work

The article examines the history of working time, highlighting how working hours initially came with the rise of capitalism, but were eventually reduced due to workers’ efforts, leading to the establishment of the standard employment relationship—particularly the standard workweek—and shorter working hours.

The authors suggest that the reduction of the standard, five-day workweek has stalled in recent years and that this can be attributed to several factors, including:

• the weakened bargaining power of labour
• the impact of consumerism
• the allure of work beyond mere income generation

They further assert that variations in working time norms are driven by the expansion of the service economy, policy changes, and the rise of gig work. These shifts have weakened labour protections and increased flexibility in working hours, with alternative versions existing across countries. The authors also argue that the platform economy has accelerated these trends, leading to the gradual decline of the traditional Fordist model of stable working hours.

The article emphasizes the need for innovative approaches to regulating working time to protect workers’ well-being. The authors argue that there is a growing push for a four-day workweek, which could improve health, support gender equality, and ensure that workers benefit from technological advancements.

The authors conclude that the proposed shift to a four-day workweek could move society away from individualized, flexible arrangements and toward a shorter, standardized workweek that would benefit all workers.